{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T11:33:16Z","timestamp":1773055996736,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]],"date-time":"2021-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Large numbers of wild animals are injured every year in road traffic accidents. Scant data are available for rescued wild carnivores, in particular for red foxes. Cases of foxes with head trauma were retrospectively considered for inclusion in this study. Clinical examination, modified Glasgow coma scale (MGCS), computed tomography (CT) examination, therapy, outcome, and post mortem findings of the brain were investigated. In all foxes, cranial vaults lesion occurred in single (67%) or multiple sites (33%). Midline shift and hydrocephalus were observed in this population. The mean survival was 290 (\u00b1176) days. In our study, we performed CT scans on average 260 days after fox rescue, and we speculate that persisting clinical signs could be attributed to TBI. In our study, only two foxes were alive at the time of writing. Other foxes were euthanized due to the severity of the clinical signs. CT scans help diagnose chronic lesions and their effect on prognostic judgment for animals released to wildlife environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11041010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]],"date-time":"2021-04-03T22:03:36Z","timestamp":1617487416000},"page":"1010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["CT Findings and Histological Evaluation of Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) with Chronic Head Trauma Injury: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4963-8673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Lacitignola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Dell\u2019Emergenze e Trapianti di Organo, Sez, Cliniche Veterinarie e P.A., Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari, Strada Provinciale Per Casamassima Km.3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4415-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossella","family":"Samarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Sez, Patologia Aviare, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari, Strada Provinciale Per Casamassima Km.3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1434-415X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Zizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Sez, Anatomia Patologica, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari, Strada Provinciale Per Casamassima Km.3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9625-2920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Circella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Sez, Patologia Aviare, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari, Strada Provinciale Per Casamassima Km.3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"},{"name":"Osservatorio Faunistico Regionale Della Puglia, Via Generale Palmiotti, 70020 Bitetto, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Acquafredda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dottorato di Ricerca in \u201cTrapianti di Tessuti ed Organi e Terapie Cellulari\u201d, Dipartimento Dell\u2019emergenza e dei Trapianti di Organi (DETO), Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari, \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70100 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marzia","family":"Stabile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dottorato di Ricerca in \u201cTrapianti di Tessuti ed Organi e Terapie Cellulari\u201d, Dipartimento Dell\u2019emergenza e dei Trapianti di Organi (DETO), Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari, \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70100 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Sez, Patologia Aviare, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari, Strada Provinciale Per Casamassima Km.3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"},{"name":"Osservatorio Faunistico Regionale Della Puglia, Via Generale Palmiotti, 70020 Bitetto, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2085-376X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Staffieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Dell\u2019Emergenze e Trapianti di Organo, Sez, Cliniche Veterinarie e P.A., Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari, Strada Provinciale Per Casamassima Km.3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3961-585X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Camarda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Sez, Patologia Aviare, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari, Strada Provinciale Per Casamassima Km.3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"},{"name":"Osservatorio Faunistico Regionale Della Puglia, Via Generale Palmiotti, 70020 Bitetto, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arm035","article-title":"Activity patterns of urban red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) reduce the risk of traffic-induced mortality","volume":"18","author":"Baker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. 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