{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T03:33:49Z","timestamp":1791689629282,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]],"date-time":"2021-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BFS-G-11-00002."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BFS-G-11-00002."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Rwanda, information on antibiotic resistance in food animals is scarce. This study was conducted to detect and phenotypically characterize antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella in feces of cattle, goats, pigs, and poultry in the East province of Rwanda. We isolated non-type-specific (NTS) E. coli and Salmonella using plain culture media. In addition, we used MacConkey agar media supplemented with cefotaxime at 1.0 \u03bcg\/mL and ciprofloxacin at 0.5 \u03bcg\/mL to increase the probability of detecting E. coli with low susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion test. Among 540 NTS E. coli isolates, resistance to tetracycline was the most frequently observed (35.6%), followed by resistance to ampicillin (19.6%) and streptomycin (16.5%). Percentages of NTS E. coli resistant to all three antibiotics and percentages of multidrug-resistant strains were higher in isolates from poultry. All isolated Salmonella were susceptible to all antibiotics. The sample-level prevalence for resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was estimated at 35.6% with all third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli, expressing an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase phenotype. The sample-level prevalence for quinolone resistance was estimated at 48.3%. These results provided a baseline for future research and the development of integrated surveillance initiatives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11041013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]],"date-time":"2021-04-03T22:03:36Z","timestamp":1617487416000},"page":"1013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella from the Feces of Food Animals in the East Province of Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1737-846X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosine","family":"Manishimwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Nyagatare 56, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola M.","family":"Moncada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3427-8775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vestine","family":"Musanayire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rwanda Veterinary Service Department, Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board, Ministry of Agriculture, Kigali 5016, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3299-4658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anselme","family":"Shyaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Nyagatare 56, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0538-5961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. Morgan","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8797-1648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy H.","family":"Loneragan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aarestrup, F.M. (2006). Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin, ASM Press.","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817534"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). 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