{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T10:36:22Z","timestamp":1789295782007,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]],"date-time":"2021-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The safety of production and the high quality of meat are important aspects of rearing poultry, especially when natural solutions are used. Because of the increasing popularity of duck meat, the aim of the present study was to assess the effect of a diet with an inclusion of zeolite on the growth performance, meat quality, and strength of the bones and jejunum in ducks of different origin, sex, and age at slaughter. The study was conducted on 320 Orvia and Cherry Valley ducks. Birds were allocated to eight groups, according to their sex and origin. Half of the birds received feed with a 4% inclusion of zeolite. Body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio per kilogram of gain were calculated. After six or seven weeks, five birds from each group were selected and slaughtered. After dissection, meat quality (pH, water-holding capacity, colour) and the strength of the bones and gut were analysed. The analysis revealed that zeolite was associated with reduced body weight gains and increased feed conversion ratio, but with a higher water-holding capacity of breast muscles in seven-week-old ducks, and with a higher yellowness and water-holding capacity of leg muscles in six-week-old ducks. A positive effect of long-term factors (age, sex, origin) and the interaction with zeolite was found for most of the analysed traits. Findings on the effect of 4% inclusion of zeolite in duck diet were inconclusive. The study implies the need for further research, since zeolite has potential as a natural sanitizing agent and can improve the quality of produced duck meat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11041015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]],"date-time":"2021-04-03T22:03:36Z","timestamp":1617487416000},"page":"1015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Ducks\u2019 Growth, Meat Quality, Bone Strength, and Jejunum Strength Depend on Zeolite in Feed and Long-Term Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3050-8617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Biesek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP\u2014University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Mazowiecka 28, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8681-7286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miros\u0142aw","family":"Banaszak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP\u2014University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Mazowiecka 28, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6166-8547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Adamski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP\u2014University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Mazowiecka 28, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00863-0","article-title":"Cannabis-derived cannabidiol and nanoselenium improve gut barrier function and affect bacterial enzyme activity in chickens subjected to C. perfringens challenge","volume":"51","author":"Konieczka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2016.11.006","article-title":"Zeolite food supplementation reduces abundance of enterobacteria","volume":"195","author":"Prasai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.08.062","article-title":"Efficiency of basalt zeolite and Cuban zeolite to adsorb ammonia released from poultry litter","volume":"183","author":"Nuernberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2011.0373","article-title":"Effects of Reed Straw, Zeolite, and Superphosphate Amendments on Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Stored Duck Manure","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933907001730","article-title":"The application of zeolite in poultry production","volume":"64","author":"Shariatmadari","year":"2008","journal-title":"World. Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9061-2016-0360","article-title":"Effect of Feeding Transcarpathian Zeolite on Gastrointestinal Morphology and Function in Broiler Chickens","volume":"19","author":"Wawrzyniak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2005.05.030","article-title":"The role of natural and synthetic zeolites as feed additivies on the prevention and\/or the treatment of certain farm animal diseases: A review","volume":"84","author":"Papaioannou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2011.448.454","article-title":"Zeolite as a Feed Additive to Reduce Salmonella and Improve Production Performance in Broilers","volume":"10","author":"Abdullah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.3906\/vet-1212-9","article-title":"Effect of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) on the performance and litter quality of broiler chickens","volume":"37","author":"Nikolakakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.08.073","article-title":"Impact of aluminosilicates on productivity, carcass traits, meat quality, and jejunum morphology of broiler chickens","volume":"99","author":"Banaszak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2011-00412","article-title":"Effect of a partial replacement of limestone by a CaSO4-zeolite mixture combined with a slight protein reduction on production indices, egg quality, and excreta pH in laying hens","volume":"21","author":"Romero","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"183","article-title":"Meat Quality Attributes of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Supplemented with Silver Nanoparticles Coated on Zeolite","volume":"2","author":"Hashemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3923\/ajava.2014.56.63","article-title":"Effects of inclusion kaolin, bentonite and zeolite in dietary on chemical compostion of broiler chickens meat","volume":"9","author":"Safaei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Ding, S.R., Li, G.S., Chen, S.R., Zhu, F., Hao, J.P., Yang, F.X., and Hou, Z.C. (2019). Comparison of carcass and meat quality traits between lean and fat Pekin ducks. Anim. Biosci., Epub ahead of print."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660802662788","article-title":"Effects of dietary natural zeolite including plant extraction on growth performance and intestinal histology in Aigamo ducks","volume":"50","author":"Khambualai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brit. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Hikawczuk, T. (2013). Effect of Non-Starch Polysaccharides of Cereal Grains on Physiological Parameters of Crop and Ileum, and Digestibility of Nutrients in Broiler Chickens. [Ph.D. Thesis, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1184","article-title":"Selected factors stimulating the development of some gastrointestinal parts in turkeys","volume":"64","author":"Lecewicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Wet."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933916000222","article-title":"Particle size and feed form in broiler diets: Impact on gastrointestinal tract development and gut health","volume":"72","author":"Zaefarian","year":"2019","journal-title":"World. Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2014.14241","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Supplementation with the Combination of Zeolite and Attapulgite on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Secretion of Digestive Enzymes and Intestinal Health in Broiler Chickens","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2012.12545","article-title":"Intestinal development and function of broiler chickens on diets supplemented with climoptilolite","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Australas. J. Anim."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1071\/AN15740","article-title":"Interactive effects of dietary protein concentration, a mono-component exogenous protease and ascorbic acid on broiler performance, nutritional status and gut health","volume":"57","author":"Cowieson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-03962","article-title":"Influence of particle size and calcium source on production performance, egg quality, and bone parameters in laying ducks","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"33","article-title":"Effect of selected factors on slaughter yield and quality of goose meat","volume":"5","author":"Adamski","year":"2016","journal-title":"\u017bYWN Nauk. Technol. J."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"421","article-title":"The effect of age, genotype and sex on carcass traits, meat quality and sensory attributes of geese","volume":"31","author":"Ketta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731120000610","article-title":"Meat quality traits and fatty acid composition of breast muscles from ducks fed with yellow lupin","volume":"14","author":"Banaszak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.08.074","article-title":"The effect of various protein sources in goose diets on meat quality, fatty acid composition, and cholesterol and collagen content in breast muscles","volume":"99","author":"Biesek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex140","article-title":"The analysis of meat and bone traits of Plymouth Rock cockerels and capons (P55) at different age","volume":"96","author":"Banaszak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Budnik, S. (2017). The Effect of Zn, Cu, and Mn Chelates of Hydroxy Analogue of Methionine on Performance and Meat Quality of Broiler Chicken. [Ph.D. Thesis, UTP\u2014University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz]. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.14710\/jitaa.44.3.277-285","article-title":"Effects of zeolite inclusion in aflatoxin B1-contaminated diet on the performance of laying duck","volume":"44","author":"Sumantri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Indones. Trop. Anim. Agric."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.aavs\/2019\/7.6.522.525","article-title":"Comparison of Bentonite and Illite on the Growth Performance and Litter Quality of Duck","volume":"7","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"106","article-title":"Effects of dietary inclusion of natural zeolite and flaxseed on broiler chickens\u2019 body fat deposition in an extended fattening period","volume":"70","author":"Christaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Europ. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"257","article-title":"Natural zeolites in diet or litter of broilers","volume":"57","author":"Schneider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Preyavitchayapugdee, M., and Prapasanobola, M. (2001). Study on the effect of the use of natural zeolite feed supplements on the meat production in farmed ducks. Summary, Research Reports under Secondary Education Quality Improvement Project (SEQI) 1997\u20132001, Office of Rajabhat Institutes Council."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaefarian, F., Abdollahi, M.R., Cowieson, A., and Ravindran, V. (2019). Avian Liver: The Forgotten Organ. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9020063"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2007.1002","article-title":"A Comparison of Meat Characteristics between Duck and Chicken Breast","volume":"20","author":"Ali","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2005.04.022","article-title":"Mechanisms of water-holding capacity of meat: The role of postmortem biochemical and structural changes","volume":"71","author":"Lonergan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731109991091","article-title":"Intramuscular fat content in meat-producing animals: Development, genetic and nutritional control, and identification of putative markers","volume":"4","author":"Hocquette","year":"2010","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/79.7.1024","article-title":"Factors Regulating Bone Maturity and Strength in Poultry","volume":"79","author":"Rath","year":"2000","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/japr\/6.3.279","article-title":"Tensile Strength of Broiler Intestines as Influenced by Age and Feed Withdrawal","volume":"6","author":"Bilgili","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.01.013","article-title":"Selection response and genetic parameter estimation of feeding behavior traits in Pekin ducks","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/4\/1015\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:58:19Z","timestamp":1760363899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/4\/1015"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11041015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11041015","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]]}}}