{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T18:18:40Z","timestamp":1761157120249,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/03\/X\/NZ3\/00704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/03\/X\/NZ3\/00704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy\u017cszego","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["statutory research and development activity funds assigned to Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["statutory research and development activity funds assigned to Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adrenoceptors mediate the action of the sympathetic nervous system, including the contraction of the epididymis and vas deferens. The aim of this study was to immunolocalize the adrenergic receptors in the reproductive tract of the male cat, as this information is not yet available. The epididymis and vas deferens of domestic cats and rats (the biological controls) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry to determine the localization of the \u03b11A-, \u03b11B-, \u03b11D-, \u03b12A-, \u03b12B-, \u03b12C-, \u03b21-, \u03b22-, and \u03b23-adrenoceptors. All the receptors were expressed in the peritubular smooth muscles of the cat, but the \u03b11D-, \u03b12C-, and \u03b21-adrenoceptors were not detected in this tissue in the rat. For the \u03b12A-adrenoceptor, the intensity of immunostaining differed significantly between the caput epididymis (weakest staining) and the vas deferens (strongest staining). The presence of all the types of the receptors was also detected in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells in all the regions of the reproductive tract. The strong expression of the \u03b12A-adrenoreceptor suggests it has a leading role in the contraction of the reproductive tract in the cat. The presence of other adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle of the epididymis and vas deferens indicates a potential clinical application for \u03b11-mimetics in the optimization of pharmacological semen collection in felids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11041049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T10:34:39Z","timestamp":1617878079000},"page":"1049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Immunolocalization of Adrenoceptors in the Reproductive Tract of Male Domestic Cats in Comparison to Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5708-8141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwia","family":"Prochowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7203-2392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanis\u0142aw","family":"Dzimira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicja","family":"Tomaszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1056-0784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Ni\u017ca\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"International Union of Pharmacology nomenclature of adrenoceptors","volume":"46","author":"Bylund","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14617","article-title":"Updates in the Function and Regulation of \u03b11-Adrenoceptors","volume":"176","author":"Akinaga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R287","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00123.2002","article-title":"Physiological significance of \u03b12-adrenergic receptor subtype diversity: One receptor is not enough","volume":"283","author":"Philipp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velmurugan, B.K., Baskaran, R., and Huang, C.-Y. (2019). Detailed insight on \u03b2-adrenoceptors as therapeutic targets. Biomed. Pharmacother., 117.","key":"ref_4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109039"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"R125","article-title":"Contractility of the epididymal duct\u2014Function, regulation and potential drug effects","volume":"156","author":"Elfgen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-6980(87)90302-9","article-title":"Adrenergic receptors mediating prostaglandin production in the rabbit vas deferens","volume":"33","author":"Trachte","year":"1987","journal-title":"Prostaglandins"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707366","article-title":"\u03b11-Adrenoceptors are required for normal male sexual function","volume":"152","author":"Sanbe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200666030-00002","article-title":"Effects of \u03b11-Adrenoceptor Antagonists on Male Sexual Function","volume":"66","author":"Michel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(83)90245-X","article-title":"Characterization of \u03b2-adrenergic receptors in the rat vas deferens using [3H]-dihyroalprenolol binding","volume":"32","author":"Chang","year":"1983","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1240887","article-title":"Mediation of contraction in rat cauda epididymidis by alpha-adrenoceptors","volume":"124","author":"Chaturapanich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-6980(83)90055-2","article-title":"Alpha adrenergic stimulation modified prostaglandins release in vas deferens","volume":"26","author":"Borda","year":"1983","journal-title":"Prostaglandins"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1996.tb16023.x","article-title":"\u03b1-Adrenoceptor mediated responses of the cauda epididymis of the guinea-pig","volume":"119","author":"Haynes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(76)90365-4","article-title":"Inhibition by \u03b1- and \u03b2-adrenoceptors of the twitch response to transmural stimulation in the guinea-pig vas deferens","volume":"40","author":"Hedqvist","year":"1976","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.10.019","article-title":"Quality and in vitro fertilizing ability of cryopreserved cat spermatozoa obtained by urethral catheterization after medetomidine administration","volume":"69","author":"Zambelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.08.005","article-title":"Characteristics of urethral and epididymal semen collected from domestic cats\u2014A retrospective study of 214 cases","volume":"84","author":"Prochowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"unstructured":"(2012, October 10). Uniprot Data Base. Available online: http:\/\/www.uniprot.org\/.","key":"ref_16"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2011.02.008","article-title":"Previously unsuspected widespread cellular and tissue distribution of \u03b2-adrenoceptors and its relevance to drug action","volume":"32","author":"Daly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6989(81)80075-6","article-title":"Alpha and beta sympathetic responses to isoproterenol by the isolated rat vas deferens","volume":"13","author":"Borde","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0630205","article-title":"Effects of adrenergic and cholinergic drugs on electrical and mechanical activities of the rat cauda epididymidis in vitro","volume":"63","author":"Laitinen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.246710","article-title":"Contraction of Rat Cauda Epididymis Smooth Muscle to \u03b11-Adrenoceptor Activation Is Mediated by \u03b11A-Adrenoceptors","volume":"366","author":"Pacini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0710181","article-title":"Effects of cholinergic and adrenergic drugs on intraluminal pressures and contractility of the rat testis and epididymis in vivo","volume":"71","author":"Pholpramool","year":"1984","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod66.2.508","article-title":"\u03b11-Adrenoceptor Subtypes in Rat Epididymis and the Effects of Sexual Maturation1","volume":"66","author":"Mendes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-008-0576-x","article-title":"Immunolocalization of \u03b11A-adrenoceptors in rat and human epididymis","volume":"332","author":"Porto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12207.x","article-title":"Sympathetic co-transmission to the cauda epididymis of the rat: Characterization of postjunctional adrenoceptors and purinoceptors","volume":"102","author":"Ventura","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(94)90384-0","article-title":"\u03b12-adrenoceptor binding sites vary along the length of the male reproductive tract: A possible basis for the regional variation in response to field stimulation","volume":"254","author":"Ventura","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00500814","article-title":"Binding of agonists and antagonists to \u03b2-adrenoceptors in rat vas deferens: Relationship to functional response","volume":"331","author":"May","year":"1985","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-07-0220","article-title":"Differential modulation of bovine epididymal activity by oxytocin and noradrenaline","volume":"134","author":"Mewe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod51.5.1040","article-title":"Adrenergic Receptors on Cultured Rat Epididymal Cells: Regulation of CI\u2212 Conductances","volume":"51","author":"Chan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1996.tb01760.x","article-title":"Changes in luminal fluid protein composition in the rat cauda epididymis following partial sympathetic denervation","volume":"17","author":"Ricker","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"434","article-title":"Quantitative imaging in live human cells reveals intracellular \u03b11-adrenoceptor ligand-binding sites","volume":"294","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(01)01014-1","article-title":"Regulation of subcellular localization of \u03b11-adrenoceptor subtypes","volume":"68","author":"Hirasawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Life Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/4\/1049\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:26:38Z","timestamp":1760361998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/4\/1049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11041049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11041049","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]}}}