{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T02:25:12Z","timestamp":1780367112360,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While periodontal disease (PD) is the most common canine oral pathology, its prevalence varies according to diagnosis methodology, breed, and age. We intended to increase understanding of canine PD by studying dogs that are managed in a specific way: pack dogs in Spain. They received a mixed diet (home-prepared food, commercial dry food, stale bread and bones). Thirty-two conscious individuals from two packs of dogs in Northeastern Spain (30\/32 crossbred hunting dogs and 2\/32 Siberian Husky; 26 males and 6 females; 27.75 \u00b1 5.807 kgs; 5.48 \u00b1 2.818 years) received visual dental examination for assessment of absent teeth (AT), dental calculus (DC) grade, gingival recession (GR), periodontal disease (PD), tooth fracture (TF), and dental attrition (DA). DC was the most prevalent oral problem (75%), followed by TF\/DA (68.75%), AT (34.37%), GR (31.25%), and, finally, PD (15.62%). Low individual affectation values were found for AT, GR, and PD (&lt;1 tooth\/individual); mean DC grade per individual was 0.06 \u00b1 0.063; and TF and DA were found in 1.63 and 4.72 teeth\/individual, respectively. Low prevalence and extent of PD was attributed to diagnosis methodology, bodyweight effect, breed, and, ultimately, diet. Individuals affected by DC remained under veterinary surveillance due to PD development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11041082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T03:04:06Z","timestamp":1618196646000},"page":"1082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Periodontal and Dental Status in Packs of Spanish Dogs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Whyte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, C\/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Whyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, C\/Domingo Miral s\/n, 5009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0210-2919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis V.","family":"Monteagudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Embriology and Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, C\/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Garc\u00eda-Barrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, C\/Domingo Miral s\/n, 5009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5026-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Teresa","family":"Tejedor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Embriology and Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, C\/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER CV (University of Zaragoza\u2014IIS), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, C\/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.214.09.1336","article-title":"Health status and population characteristics of dogs and cats examined at private veterinary practices in the United States","volume":"214","author":"Lund","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Gorrel, C. (2013). Veterinary Dentistry for the General Practitioner, Elsevier Health Sciences. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2005.03.002","article-title":"Management of periodontal disease: Understanding the options","volume":"35","author":"Harvey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niemiec, B. (2012). Veterinary Periodontology, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118705018"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"203","article-title":"Periodontitis: A host-mediated disruption of microbial homeostasis. Unlearning learned concepts","volume":"2013","author":"Bartold","year":"2000","journal-title":"Priodontology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1977.48.9.497","article-title":"Microbiology of periodontal disease\u2014Present status and future considerations","volume":"48","author":"Socransky","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1979.tb02114.x","article-title":"Criteria for the infectious agents in dental caries and periodontal disease","volume":"6","author":"Socransky","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"3","article-title":"Risk factors for periodontitis","volume":"7","author":"Sheilesh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Int. Acad. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Pibot, P., Biourge, V., and Elliot, D.A. (2008). Nutrici\u00f3n y salud oral en el perro. Enciclopedia de la Nutrici\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Canina, Royal Canin."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"51","article-title":"The etiology and pathogenesis of periodontitis revisited","volume":"17","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, D.G., Church, D.B., Mcgreevy, P.D., Thomson, P.C., and Brodbelt, D.C. (2014). Prevalence of disorders recorded in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090501"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1996.tb02396.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of periodontal disease in poodles","volume":"37","author":"Hoffman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.03.001","article-title":"Molecular identification of bacteria associated with canine periodontal disease","volume":"150","author":"Riggio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.05.005","article-title":"Canine stage 1 periodontal disease: A latent pathology","volume":"201","author":"Whyte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.4.486","article-title":"Evaluation of the risk of endocarditis and other cardiovascular events on the basis of the severity of periodontal disease in dogs","volume":"234","author":"Glickman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.06.007","article-title":"Relation between periodontal disease and systemic diseases in dogs","volume":"125","author":"Cunha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"San Rom\u00e1n, F., Trobo, I., Fern\u00e1ndez, J.M., and Whyte, A. (2018). Manual de Odontolog\u00eda Canina y Felina, Servet."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2003). Law 11\/2003, 24 November 2003, about Animal Protection. BOE, 303, 45194\u201345203. Available online: https:\/\/www.boe.es\/eli\/es-an\/l\/2003\/11\/24\/11."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2013). Real Decreto 53\/2013, February 8, about the basic standards applicable for the protection of animals used in experimentation and other scientific purposes, including teaching. BOE, 34, 11370\u201311421. Available online: https:\/\/www.boe.es\/eli\/es\/rd\/2013\/02\/01\/53."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1177\/089875641202900402","article-title":"Validation of use of subsets of teeth when applying the total mouth periodontal score (TMPS) system in dogs","volume":"29","author":"Harvey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"58","article-title":"Oral health assessment in dogs: Parameters and methods","volume":"11","author":"Logan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Vet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2021, February 16). American Veterinary Dental College (AVDC) Recommendations. Available online: https:\/\/avdc.org\/avdc-nomenclature\/."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf, H.F., Rateitschak, E.M., Rateitschak, K.H., and Hassell, T.M. (2005). Color Atlas of Dental Medicine: Periodontology, Thieme Medical Pub.","DOI":"10.1055\/b-0034-59058"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Petrie, A., and Watson, P. (2013). Statistics for Veterinary and Animal Science, Wiley-Blackwell. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Psychology Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.17221\/5654-VETMED","article-title":"Prevalence of dental disorders in pet dogs","volume":"50","author":"Kyllar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Med-Czech."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lobprise, H., and Dodd, J.R. (2019). Periodontolgy. Wiggs\u2019s Veterinary Dentistry: Principles and Practice, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118816219"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/089875649401100301","article-title":"Association of age and body weight with periodontal disease in North American dogs","volume":"11","author":"Harvey","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Vet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauer, A.E., Stella, J., Lemmons, M., and Croney, C.C. (2018). Evaluating the validity and reliability of a visual dental scale for detection of periodontal disease (PD) in non-anesthetized dogs (Canis familiaris). PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203930"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-5712(01)00035-5","article-title":"Gingival recession-its significance and management","volume":"29","author":"Tugnait","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1994.tb00278.x","article-title":"The prevalence and distribution of gingival recession in subjects with a high standard of oral hygiene","volume":"2","author":"Serino","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.6.489","article-title":"The natural history of periodontal disease in man: Prevalence, severity, extent of gingival recession","volume":"63","author":"Loe","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13218","article-title":"A review of the frequency and impact of periodontal disease in dogs","volume":"61","author":"Wallis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1923-8","article-title":"A longitudinal assessment of periodontal disease in Yorkshire terriers","volume":"15","author":"Wallis","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2008.00609.x","article-title":"Periodontal disease in research beagle dogs-an epidemiological study","volume":"49","author":"Kortegaard","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2754\/avb200170020203","article-title":"Dental diseases of dogs: A retrospective study of radiological data","volume":"70","author":"Stanin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Brno"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-166","article-title":"A longitudinal assessment of periodontal disease in 52 miniature schnauzers","volume":"10","author":"Marshall","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12870","article-title":"A longitudinal assessment of periodontal health status in 53 Labrador retrievers","volume":"59","author":"Wallis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1994.tb00905.x","article-title":"Diet and periodontal disease in dogs and cats","volume":"71","author":"Watson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(98)50105-2","article-title":"Periodontal disease in dogs. Etiopathogenesis, prevalence, and significance","volume":"28","author":"Harvey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.7.2021S","article-title":"Influence of diet on oral health in cats and dogs","volume":"136","author":"Gawor","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S124","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511000821","article-title":"The impact of home-prepared diets and home oral hygiene on oral health in cats and dogs","volume":"106","author":"Buckley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brit. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/089875649601300304","article-title":"Correlation of diet, other chewing activities and periodontal disease in North American client-owned dogs","volume":"13","author":"Harvey","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Vet. Dent."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/4\/1082\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:27:44Z","timestamp":1760365664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/4\/1082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11041082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11041082","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]]}}}