{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:59:10Z","timestamp":1792180750596,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["IZSUM PSRC 1\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IZSUM PSRC 1\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Macrophages are phagocytic cells involved in maintaining tissue homeostasis and defense against pathogens. Macrophages may be polarized into different functionally specialized subsets. M2c macrophages arise following stimulation with IL-10 or TGF-\u03b2 and mediate anti-inflammatory and tissue repair functions. M2c macrophages remain poorly characterized in the pig, thus we investigated the impact of these regulatory cytokines on porcine monocyte-derived macrophages (moM\u03a6). The phenotype and functionality of these cells was characterized though confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, ELISA, and RT-qPCR. Both cytokines induced CD14 and MHC II DR down-regulation and reduced IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and CD14 expression, suggestive of an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Interestingly, neither IL-10 or TGF-\u03b2 were able to trigger IL-10 induction or release by moM\u03a6. Differences between these cytokines were observed: stimulation with IL-10, but not TGF-\u03b2, induced up-regulation of both CD16 and CD163 on moM\u03a6. In addition, IL-10 down-regulated expression of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-12p40 4h post-stimulation and induced a stronger impairment of moM\u03a6 ability to respond to either TLR2 or TLR4 agonists. Overall, our results provide an overview of porcine macrophage polarization by two immunosuppressive cytokines, revealing differences between IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2, and reporting some peculiarity of swine, which should be considered in translational studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11041098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T11:05:06Z","timestamp":1618225506000},"page":"1098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Comparative Phenotypic and Functional Analyses of the Effects of IL-10 or TGF-\u03b2 on Porcine Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tania","family":"Carta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6597-475X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Razzuoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39\/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floriana","family":"Fruscione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39\/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Zinellu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dionigia","family":"Meloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4954-9702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Anfossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Chessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1803-4666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Dei Giudici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4852-405X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon P.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Immunology, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 ONF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Oggiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0987-3863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Franzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2448","article-title":"Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation","volume":"8","author":"Mosser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. 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