{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:56:30Z","timestamp":1787871390980,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the wake of climate change and global warming, the production systems of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) are receiving increasing attention in the tropics, where the silvopastoral systems can improve animal welfare and production conditions. The objective of this study was to characterize the behavior of heifer buffaloes in a silvopastoral system (SPS) with Leucaena leucocephala (600 trees\/ha) and in a conventional system (CVS), under intense heat stress and moderate heat stress in Cuba. We observed nine animals, with an average weight of 167.9 kg at the beginning of the study, during the daylight period, from 6:00 to 18:00 h, at 10 min intervals, for 12 days. Activities recorded were grazing, ingestion of tree leaves, rumination, water intake, walking, lying, standing, sheltering in the shade of trees, and wallowing. Sheltering in the shade of trees and wallowing were collectively considered as thermoregulatory behavior (TB). TB was different in both systems and conditions of heat stress (p &lt; 0.05), with 4.06 in CVS and 3.81 h in SPS in the intense heat stress period, while it was 2.91 and 1.08 h for SPS and CVS, respectively, during the moderate heat stress period. The wallowing activity showed statistically significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) in the intense heat stress season with 1.18 and 2.35 h for SPS and CVS, respectively. Time spent on feeding behavior was highest in the SPS system (p &lt; 0.05). Longer times of thermoregulatory and feeding behavior indicate the importance of trees in animal welfare for this species in tropical conditions, thus supporting avoided deforestation and the replanting of trees in existing production systems and landscapes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11041162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T22:15:13Z","timestamp":1618784113000},"page":"1162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Thermoregulatory and Feeding Behavior under Different Management and Heat Stress Conditions in Heifer Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the Tropics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4247-4840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maykel Andr\u00e9s","family":"Galloso-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, Veterinary of Faculty, C\u00f3rdoba University, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mildrey","family":"Soca-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Station: \u201cIndio Hatuey\u201d, Central Espa\u00f1a Republicana, Matanzas 44280, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8247-5891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devon","family":"Dublin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Language Department, Hokkaido University of Education, Program Advisor, Sapporo 060-8611, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Armando","family":"Alvarez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Agrarian Science (UACA), University Technician of Machala, El Oro 070211, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Iglesias-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Station: \u201cIndio Hatuey\u201d, Central Espa\u00f1a Republicana, Matanzas 44280, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2110-0986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cipriano","family":"D\u00edaz-Gaona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, Veterinary of Faculty, C\u00f3rdoba University, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0148-2892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Est\u00e9vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, Veterinary of Faculty, C\u00f3rdoba University, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"173","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n del comportamiento productivo de b\u00fafalos de r\u00edo en sistema arborizado y en mon-ocultivo de gram\u00edneas. 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