{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:56:22Z","timestamp":1760234182661,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2019YFD1002605","2016YFD0500506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFD1002605","2016YFD0500506"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Developmental Program of Shandong Province","award":["2019JZZY020308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JZZY020308"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study was conducted to develop and validate an equation to predict the metabolizable energy (ME) of double-low rapeseed cakes (DLRSC) for growing pigs based on their chemical compositions. In Experiment 1, 66 growing pigs (initial body weight 36.6 \u00b1 4.1 kg) were allotted randomly to a completely randomized design with 11 diets. The diets included a corn\u2013soybean meal basal diet and 10 test diets containing 19.22% DLRSC supplemented at the expense of corn, soybean meal, and lysine. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude fiber (CF), and gross energy (GE) were the best predictors to determine ME. The best-fit prediction equation of ME (MJ\/kg) was ME = 9.33 \u2212 0.09 \u00d7 NDF \u2212 0.25 \u00d7 CF + 0.59 \u00d7 GE (R2 = 0.93). In Experiment 2, a total of 144 growing pigs (initial body weight 29.7 \u00b1 2.7 kg), with six pigs per pen and six pens per treatment, were assigned randomly to four treatments in a completely randomized block design for a 28-day feeding trial. A corn\u2013soybean meal basal diet was prepared, and three additional diets were formulated by adding 7%, 14%, and 21% DLRSC to the basal diet at the expense of soybean meal. All diets were formulated to provide equal standardized ileal digestibility (SID) Lys\/ME ratio and SID essential amino acids\/SID Lys ratio. Increasing dietary levels of DLRSC had no effect on average daily feed intake, average daily gain, and feed-to-gain ratio. The caloric efficiency of ME (31.83, 32.44, 31.95, and 32.69 MJ\/kg, respectively) was not changed by increasing the dietary concentration of DLRSC. Increasing dietary levels of DLRSC linearly reduced (p &lt; 0.05) the concentrations of triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine in serum, as well as apparent total tract digestibility of DM, GE, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and organic matter of the diet. In conclusion, the ME prediction equation obtained in Experiment 1 accurately estimates the ME value of DLRSC fed to growing pigs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11041168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T11:21:38Z","timestamp":1618831298000},"page":"1168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Development and Validation of Equations for Predicting the Metabolizable Energy Value of Double-Low Rapeseed Cake for Growing Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qile","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peili","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changhua","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Defa","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1613-6119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianjun","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shouqing","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"USDA (2019, November 11). Oilseeds: World Markets and Trade, USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Available online: http:\/\/apps.fas.usda.gov\/psdonline\/circulars\/production.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas91-103","article-title":"Composition and digestibility of canola press cake as a feedstuff for use in swine diets","volume":"71","author":"Keith","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"103","article-title":"Chemical composition of expeller-extracted and cold-pressed rapeseed cake","volume":"16","author":"Leming","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agraarteadus"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2011.11.004","article-title":"The effect of feeding expeller-pressed canola meal on growth performance and diet nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs","volume":"171","author":"Landero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2015.12.001","article-title":"Effects of feeding canola press-cake on diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance of weaned pigs","volume":"211","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2015.10.012","article-title":"Determination of the energy content and amino acid digestibility of double-low rapeseed cakes fed to growing pigs","volume":"210","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357729800013631","article-title":"Prediction of the apparent digestible energy value of fats given to pigs","volume":"61","author":"Powles","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2015.1128690","article-title":"Validation of metabolisable energy prediction equation for de-oiled corn distillers dried grains with solubles fed to finishing pigs","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03712","article-title":"Validation of prediction equations for apparent metabolizable energy of corn distillers dried grains with solubles in broiler chicks","volume":"93","author":"Meloche","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Li, Z.C. (2017). Net Energy Prediction of Plant Protein Ingredients to Growing Pigs. [Ph.D. Thesis, China Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.006","article-title":"Evaluation of prediction equations to estimate gross, digestible, and metabolizable energy content of maize dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) for swine based on chemical composition","volume":"198","author":"Urriola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8402","article-title":"Development of prediction equations to estimate the apparent digestible energy content of lipids when fed to lactating sows","volume":"93","author":"Rosero","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"654","article-title":"Prediction of digestible and metabolizable energy content of rice bran fed to growing pigs. Asian-Australs","volume":"28","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03290","article-title":"Apparent metabolizable energy and prediction equations for reduced-oil corn distillers dried grains with solubles in broiler chicks from 10 to 18 days of age","volume":"92","author":"Meloche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"NRC (2012). Nutrient Requirements of Swine, National Academy of Sciences. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"AOAC (2007). Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official\u2019s Analytical Chemist. [18th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/86.5.888","article-title":"Crude fat, diethyl ether extraction, in feed, cereal grain, and forage (Randall\/Soxtec\/submersion method): Collaborative study","volume":"86","author":"Thiex","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2","article-title":"Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition","volume":"74","author":"Robertson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Daun, J.K., and McGregor, D.I. (1981). Glucosinolate analysis of rapeseed (canola). Methods of the Grain Research Laboratory, Agriculture Canada, Canadian Grain Commission Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5295","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016-0578","article-title":"Energy content and amino acid digestibility of flaxseed expellers fed to growing pigs","volume":"94","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016-0457","article-title":"Tannin is a key factor in the determination and prediction of energy content in sorghum grains fed to growing pigs","volume":"94","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.2527\/1999.7761502x","article-title":"The energy content of barley fed to growing pigs: Characterizing the nature of its variability and developing prediction equations for its estimation","volume":"77","author":"Fairbairn","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-7807","article-title":"Predicting the digestible energy of corn determined with growing swine from nutrient composition and cross-species measurements","volume":"93","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"229","article-title":"Energy value of pig feeds: Effect of pig body weight and energy evaluation system","volume":"82","author":"Noblet","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas93-075","article-title":"Factors affecting the nutritional value of canola meal: A review","volume":"73","author":"Bell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.8461403x","article-title":"Evaluation of the inclusion of soybean oil and soybean processing by-products to soybean meal on nutrient composition and digestibility in swine and poultry","volume":"84","author":"Bruce","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-7792","article-title":"Digestibility of energy and detergent fiber and digestible and metabolizable energy values in canola meal, 00-rapeseed meal, and 00-rapeseed expellers fed to growing pigs","volume":"93","author":"Maison","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3402","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016.1046","article-title":"Effect of expeller extracted canola meal on growth performance, organ weights, and blood parameters of growing pigs","volume":"95","author":"Velayudhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2437","article-title":"The nutritional value of expeller-pressed canola meal for grower-finisher pigs","volume":"88","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1051\/animres:2003048","article-title":"Effects of feeding canola meal and sweet lupin (L. luteus, L. angustifolius) in amino acid balanced diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs","volume":"53","author":"Roth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.53952","article-title":"Digestibility energy and amino acids of canola meal from two species (Brassica juncea and Brassica napus) fed to distal ileum cannulated grower pigs","volume":"90","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-7350","article-title":"Effects of dietary wheat middlings, corn dried distillers grains with solubles, and net energy formulation on nursery pig performance","volume":"92","author":"DeRouchey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6798","article-title":"The effects of medium-oil dried distillers grains with solubles on growth performance, carcass traits, and nutrient digestibility in growing-finishing pigs","volume":"92","author":"Graham","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016.0832","article-title":"Development and validation of equations to predict the metabolizable energy value of corn for pigs","volume":"95","author":"Bertol","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8439","article-title":"Effects of high-protein or conventional canola meal on growth performance, organ weights, bone ash, and blood characteristics of weanling pigs","volume":"93","author":"Parr","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas75-050","article-title":"Evaluation of low glucosinolate\u2013low erucic acid rapeseed meals as protein supplements for young growing pigs, including effects on blood serum constituents","volume":"55","author":"Bowland","year":"1975","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(98)00187-0","article-title":"Nutritional and hormonal regulation of energy metabolism in skeletal muscles of meat-producing animals","volume":"56","author":"Hocquette","year":"1998","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2011.08.003","article-title":"The effect of feeding solvent-extracted canola meal on growth performance and diet nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs","volume":"170","author":"Landero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Lewis, A.J., and Southern, L.L. (2001). Nonstarch polysaccharides and oligosaccharides in swine nutrition. Swine Nutrition, CRC Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2007.01.032","article-title":"Effect of fibre content in the diet on the mean retention time in different segments of the digestive tract in growing pigs","volume":"109","author":"Wilfart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Souffrant, W.B., and Hagemeiser, H. (1994). Ileal endogenous amino acid and amino sugar flows in pigs fed graded levels of protein or fiber. Digestive Physiology in Pigs, EAAP Press. [2nd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/4\/1168\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:49:37Z","timestamp":1760161777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/4\/1168"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11041168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11041168","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]}}}