{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T14:40:40Z","timestamp":1769179240315,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Orchiectomy is a common surgical procedure performed on small animals, and it requires postoperative pain management despite its relative simplicity. This study aimed to evaluate the hemodynamic stability, intraoperative administration of additional hypnotic and\/or analgesic drugs, and postoperative pain scores following the combination of ultrasound-guided injection of ropivacaine hydrochloride into the spermatic cord and infiltration by the same anaesthetic of the incisional prescrotal line (ROP) or general anaesthesia. Dogs in the ROP group showed greater intraoperative hemodynamic stability and lower pain scores than the control group. The locoregional approach used in this study proved effective in minimising the responses to the surgical stimulus and ensured adequate analgesia intra- and postoperatively. This method, called ultrasound-guided funicular block, allows orchiectomy to be performed under deep sedation without general anaesthesia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T22:29:07Z","timestamp":1619648947000},"page":"1275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Ultrasound-Guided Funicular Block: Ropivacaine Injection into the Tissue around the Spermatic Cord to Improve Analgesia during Orchiectomy in Dogs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2792-8848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Cicirelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari \u2018Aldo Moro\u2019, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Debidda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari \u2018Aldo Moro\u2019, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Maggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari \u2018Aldo Moro\u2019, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Caira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari \u2018Aldo Moro\u2019, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9109-3561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni M.","family":"Lacalandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari \u2018Aldo Moro\u2019, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulio G.","family":"Aiudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari \u2018Aldo Moro\u2019, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2005.00166.x","article-title":"Analgesia and sedation in the critically ill","volume":"15","author":"Hansen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"353","article-title":"How to manage perioperative pain","volume":"51","author":"Gwendolyn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicirelli, V., Debidda, P., Maggio, N., Caira, M., Mrenoshki, D., Aiudi, G., and Lacalandra, G. (2021). Use of Spinal Anaesthesia with Anaesthetic Block of Intercostal Nerves Compared to a Continuous Infusion of Sufentanyl to Improve Analgesia in Cats Undergoing Unilateral Mastectomy. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030887"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.05.004","article-title":"Complications of ovariohysterectomy and orchiectomy in companion animals","volume":"41","author":"Adin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.238.9.1159","article-title":"Evaluation of dexmedetomidine and ketamine in combination with opioids as injectable anesthesia for castration in dogs","volume":"238","author":"Barletta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.156.20.639","article-title":"Evaluation of the analgesic effect of lidocaine and bupivacaine used to provide a brachial plexus block for forelimb surgery in 10 dogs","volume":"156","author":"Wenger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.218","article-title":"Local and regional anaesthesia in dogs and cats: Descriptions of specific local and regional techniques","volume":"6","author":"Grubb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2009.00476.x","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology of methadone in dogs","volume":"37","author":"Holgersson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12172","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory, sedative and antinociceptive effects of dexmedetomidine alone or in combination with methadone, morphine or tramadol in dogs","volume":"41","author":"Cardoso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.1.74","article-title":"The Association of Shelter Veterinarians veterinary medical care guidelines for spay-neuter programs","volume":"233","author":"Looney","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Zawistowski, S., and Miller, L. (2004). Shelter Medicine for Veterinarians and Staff, Iowa State University Press."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"4","article-title":"A survey of anaesthesia in small animal practice: AVA\/BSAVA report","volume":"17","author":"Clarke","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Vet. Anaesth. Great Br. Irel."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Archibald, J. (1974). Male genital system. Canine Surgery, American Veterinary Publications. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Fossum, T.W. (2002). Surgery of the reproductive and genital systems. Small Animal Surgery, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.04.005","article-title":"Surgical methods of contraception and sterilization","volume":"66","author":"Howe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-2995.2003.00109.x","article-title":"Plasma fentanyl concentrations in awake cats and cats undergoing anesthesia and ovariohysterectomy using transdermal administration","volume":"30","author":"Egger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03016587","article-title":"Postoperative analgesia is not different after local vs systemic administration of meloxicam in patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair","volume":"48","author":"Mysager","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. J. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.JOACP_133_18","article-title":"Meloxicam in the management of post-operative pain: Narrative review","volume":"34","author":"Bekker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anaesthesiol. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2018.1725-1735","article-title":"A systematic review of analgesia practices in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy","volume":"11","author":"Mwangi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2010.00563.x","article-title":"Comparison of analgesia provided by lidocaine, lidocaine-morphine or lidocaine-tramadol delivered epidurally in dogs following orchiectomy","volume":"37","author":"Almeida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2018.06.012","article-title":"Comparison of intraperitoneal ropivacaine and bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy","volume":"45","author":"Lambertini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/5\/1275\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:54:52Z","timestamp":1760162092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/5\/1275"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11051275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11051275","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]}}}