{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T01:37:25Z","timestamp":1781055445687,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is dangerous for both riders and horses when a horse suddenly startles. Sometimes horses do this in familiar environments because familiar objects may look different when rotated. The purpose of this study was to determine whether horses that had been habituated to a complex object (children\u2019s playset) would react to the object as novel when rotated 90 degrees. Twenty young horses were led past the playset 15 times by a handler. Next, the rotated group was led past the rotated playset 15 times. Each time the horse was led by the object was a pass. The behavioral responses observed and analyzed were ears focused on the object, nostril flares, neck raising, snort, avoid by stopping, avoid by moving feet sideways, and avoid by flight. An increasing reactivity scale was used to quantify behavioral responses. A two-sample t-test was performed on the reactivity scores comparing the first pass by the novel object to the first pass by the rotated object. The horses in the rotated group reacted to the rotated orientation similarly to the first exposure (p = 0.001, \u03b1 &lt; 0.05). Being aware of potential reactions to changes in previously familiar environments can help keep the handler safer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T11:10:06Z","timestamp":1620904206000},"page":"1383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Evaluating the Reaction to a Complex Rotated Object in the American Quarter Horse (Equus caballus)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Megan Elizabeth","family":"Corgan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7231-7101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Temple","family":"Grandin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Matlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"14322168","article-title":"Horse-related injuries: Causes, preventability, and where educational efforts should be focused","volume":"4","author":"Camargo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogent Food Ag."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"9","article-title":"Epidemiology of Equestrian Accidents: A Literature Review","volume":"17","author":"Meredith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Internet J. Allied Health Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.158366","article-title":"Nonfatal horse-related injuries treated in emergency departments in the United States, 1990\u20132017","volume":"38","author":"Acton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2010.06.001","article-title":"The roles of equine ethology and applied learning theory in horse related human injuries","volume":"5","author":"Hawson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assesing the risk for major injuries in equestrian sports","volume":"4","author":"Hohberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2746\/042516406778400574","article-title":"Training methods for horses: Habituation to a frightening stimulus","volume":"38","author":"Christensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eq. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.02.004","article-title":"Behavioural fear and heart rate responses of horses after exposure to novel objects: Effects of habituation","volume":"131","author":"Leiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2014.12.001","article-title":"Validation of a fear test in sport horses using infrared thermography","volume":"10","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.05.011","article-title":"Reactivity to humans and fearfulness tests: Field validation in Polish Cold Blood Horses","volume":"133","author":"Jastrzebska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35561-7","article-title":"Physiological outcomes of calming behaviors support the resilience hypothesis in horses","volume":"8","author":"Scopa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2008.06.011","article-title":"Fearfulness in horses: A temerament trait stable across time and situation","volume":"115","author":"Lansade","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.12.009","article-title":"An objective measure of reactive behavior in horses","volume":"144","author":"Noble","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2010.04.015","article-title":"Fear reactions in trained and untrained horses from dressage and show-jumping breeding lines","volume":"125","author":"Borstel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(03)00040-6","article-title":"Fear of novel and startling stimuli in domestic dogs","volume":"82","author":"King","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X245171","article-title":"Effects of a calm companion on fear reactions in naive test horses","volume":"40","author":"Christensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(02)00698-4","article-title":"Heart rate and heart rate variability during a novel object test and a handling test in young horses","volume":"76","author":"Visser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physio. Behav."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.04.007","article-title":"Repeatability and reliability of scores from ridden temperament tests conducted during performance tests","volume":"139","author":"Borstel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(03)00136-9","article-title":"Discrimination learning based on relative size concepts in horses (Equus caballus)","volume":"83","author":"Hanggi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2010.02.003","article-title":"Rotated object recognition in four domestic horses (Equus caballus)","volume":"30","author":"Hanggii","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80833-w","article-title":"Exploratory behaviour towards novel objects is associated with enhanced learning in young horses","volume":"14","author":"Christensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2014.09.002","article-title":"The use of different objects during a novel object test in stabled horses","volume":"10","author":"Bulens","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.120.4.438","article-title":"Cone excitation ratios correlate with color discrimination performance in the horse (Equus caballus)","volume":"120","author":"Hall","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psych."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"McDonnell, S.M. (2003). The Equid Ethogram: A Practical Field Guide to Horse Behavior, Eclipse Press."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"R Core Team R: A Language Environment for Statistical Computing R Function for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: http:\/\/www.R-project.org."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2021, March 24). Available online: www.tidyverse.org."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3390\/ani5030372","article-title":"A Critical Review of Horse-Related Risk: A Research Agenda for Safer Mounts, Riders and Equestrian Cultures","volume":"5","author":"Thompson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.08.010","article-title":"Horse personality: Variation between breed","volume":"112","author":"Lloyd","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2005.09.010","article-title":"Differences in motor laterality between breeds of performance horses","volume":"99","author":"McGreevy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2016.08.009","article-title":"Proposal and Validation of a Scale of Composite Measure Reactivity Score to Characterize the Reactivity in Horses During Handling","volume":"47","author":"Caviello","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eq. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12338","article-title":"Effects of handling on fear reactions in young Icelandic horses","volume":"47","author":"Marsboll","year":"2014","journal-title":"Equine. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartmann, E., Rehn, T., Christensen, J.W., Nielsen, P.P., and McGreevy, P. (2021). From the Horse\u2019s Perspective: Investigating Attachment Behaviour and the Effect of Training Method on Fear Reactions and Ease of Handing\u2014A Pilot Study. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020457"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/5\/1383\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:00:06Z","timestamp":1760162406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/5\/1383"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11051383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11051383","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]}}}