{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T16:13:42Z","timestamp":1779207222706,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000733","name":"Universities Federation for Animal Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["071383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["071383"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000733","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant","award":["062654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["062654"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Laboratory monkey ethograms currently include subcategories of abnormal behaviours that are based on superficial morphological similarity. Yet, such ethograms may be misclassifying behaviour, with potential welfare implications as different abnormal behaviours are likely to have distinct risk factors and treatments. We therefore investigated the convergent validity of four hypothesized subcategories of abnormal behaviours (\u2018motor\u2019, e.g., pacing; \u2018self-stimulation\u2019, e.g., self-sucking; \u2018postural\u2019, e.g., hanging; and \u2018self-abuse\u2019, e.g., self-biting). This hypothesis predicts positive relationships between the behaviours within each subcategory. Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) data on 19 abnormal behaviours were obtained from indoor-housed animals (n = 1183). Logistic regression models, controlling for sex, age, and the number of observations, revealed that only 1\/6 \u2018motor\u2019 behaviours positively predicted pacing, while 2\/3 \u2018self-abuse\u2019 behaviours positively predicted self-biting (one-tailed p-value &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, \u2018self-stimulation\u2019 behaviours did not predict self-sucking, and none of the \u2018postural\u2019 behaviours predicted hanging. Thus, none of the subcategories fully met convergent validity. Subsequently, we created four new valid subcategories formed of comorbid behaviours. The first consisted of self-biting, self-hitting, self-injurious behaviour, floating limb, leg-lifting, and self-clasping. The second comprised twirling, bouncing, rocking, swinging, and hanging. The third comprised pacing and head-twisting, while the final subcategory consisted of flipping and eye-poking. Self-sucking, hair-plucking, threat-biting, and withdrawn remained as individual behaviours. We encourage laboratories to replicate the validation of these subcategories first, and for scientists working with other species to validate their ethograms before using them in welfare assessments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T12:58:07Z","timestamp":1621429087000},"page":"1461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Recommendations for Abnormal Behaviour Ethograms in Monkey Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Polanco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"McCowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health &amp; Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Niel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Pearl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mason, G., and Rushen, J. 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