{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:13:29Z","timestamp":1793052809212,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Campania Region -Italy","award":["No. 126 of 22 September 2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 126 of 22 September 2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A 4-year retrospective study (2016\u20132019) of selected routine bacteriological examinations of the veterinary microbiology laboratory of the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Naples (Italy) was carried out. A total of 189 bacteriological samples were collected from 171 dogs and 18 cats suffering from skin infections. In dogs, the most common cutaneous infection was otitis externa, while pyoderma was found to be prevalent in cats. The number of recorded Gram-positive strains over the study period did not vary considerably from year to year and was always significantly higher (p-value = 0.0007) in comparison with Gram-negative bacterial isolations. In dogs, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was the most common identified Gram-positive bacterium (65%), while Pseudomonas aeruginosa (36%) was the one among the isolated Gram-negative bacteria. In cats, coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most predominant isolated bacteria (47%). The phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance showed that most of the strains were resistant to amoxicillin\u2013clavulanate, penicillin, clindamycin, and trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole. Several multi-drug-resistant strains (35%) were detected in canine isolates. An updating of antibiotic resistance profiles of the main Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria principally associated with skin infections of pet animals is necessary to improve stewardship programs of veterinary hospitals and clinics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T00:22:15Z","timestamp":1622420535000},"page":"1603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["On Gram-Positive- and Gram-Negative-Bacteria-Associated Canine and Feline Skin Infections: A 4-Year Retrospective Study of the University Veterinary Microbiology Diagnostic Laboratory of Naples, Italy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1789-7603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca Paola","family":"Nocera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6658-7807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filomena","family":"Fiorito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Cortese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9730-2926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"De Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsella, R., and De Benedetto, A. (2017). Atopic Dermatitis in Animals and People: An Update and Comparative Review. Vet. Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci4030037"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsella, R. (2021). Advances in our understanding of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet. Dermatol., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12965"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.20-0439","article-title":"Prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant staphylococci in nares and affected sites of pet dogs with superficial pyoderma","volume":"83","author":"Nakaminami","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2015.11.012","article-title":"An update on microbiological causes of canine otitis externa in Campania Region, Italy","volume":"6","author":"Nocera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621597","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.621597","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from cats and dogs from the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12811","article-title":"Biofilm production by pathogens associated with canine otitis externa, and the antibiofilm activity of ionophores and antimicrobial adjuvants","volume":"42","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291-e100","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12549","article-title":"Diversity of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in carriage sites and skin lesions of dogs with superficial bacterial folliculitis: Potential implications for diagnostic testing and therapy","volume":"29","author":"Larsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2019.101331","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from symptomatic companion animals in Northern Italy: Clonal diversity and novel sequence types","volume":"66","author":"Menandro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.24425\/pjvs.2020.134693","article-title":"Evidence of new sequence types of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in Italy","volume":"23","author":"Nocera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.01.011","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility survey on bacterial agents of canine and feline urinary tract infections: Weight of the empirical treatment","volume":"13","author":"Rampacci","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"23","article-title":"Gram-negative bacteria as emerging pathogens affecting mortality in skin and soft tissue infections","volume":"22","author":"Ioannou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2006.00550.x","article-title":"Pyoderma caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in dogs: 20 cases","volume":"17","author":"Hillier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287-e64","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12210","article-title":"Deep pyoderma caused by Burkholderia cepacia complex associated with ciclosporin administration in dogs: A case series","volume":"26","author":"Banovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq543","article-title":"Use of antimicrobials in companion animal practice: A retrospective study in a veterinary teaching hospital in Italy","volume":"66","author":"Escher","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00110","article-title":"Antimicrobial prescribing practices in small animal emergency and critical care","volume":"7","author":"Robbins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chirollo, C., Nocera, F.P., Piantedosi, D., Fatone, G., Della Valle, G., De Martino, L., and Cortese, L. (2021). Data on before and after the traceability system of Veterinary antimicrobial prescriptions in small animals at the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Naples. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030913"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00181-19","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00181-19","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens","volume":"33","author":"Forde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Beltr\u00e1n, D.A., Villar, D., L\u00f3pez-Osorio, S., Ferguson, D., Monsalve, L.K., and Chaparro-Guti\u00e9rrez, J.J. (2020). Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial isolates from dogs and cats in a Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory in Colombia from 2016\u20132019. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7040173"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nocera, F.P., Mancini, S., Najar, B., Bertelloni, F., Pistelli, L., De Filippis, A., Fiorito, F., De Martino, L., and Fratini, F. (2020). Antimicrobial activity of some essential oils against methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius-associated pyoderma in dogs. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101782"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2015). Reflection Paper on the Risk of Antimicrobial Resistance Transfer from Companion Animals, Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP). Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/scientific-guideline\/reflection-paper-risk-antimicrobial-resistance-transfer-companion-animals_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2015.03.004","article-title":"Bacterial zoonoses transmitted by household pets: State-of-the-art and future perspectives for targeted research and policy actions","volume":"155","author":"Damborg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comp. Path."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"CLSI (2015). Performance Standard for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals, Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"EUCAST (2017, March 10). The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters. Version 7.1., Available online: http:\/\/www.eucast.org."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2008.10.005","article-title":"Condition-based use of antimicrobials in cats in Finland: Results from two surveys","volume":"11","author":"Thomson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.12.003","article-title":"Cross-sectional survey of antimicrobial prescribing patterns in UK small animal veterinary practice","volume":"104","author":"Hughes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2007.00635.x","article-title":"First report of multiresistant, mecA-positive Staphylococcus intermedius in Europe: 12 cases from a veterinary dermatology referral clinic in Germany","volume":"18","author":"Loeffler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448-e86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01085.x","article-title":"Feline superficial pyoderma: A retrospective study of 52 cases (2001\u20132011)","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.150.21.668","article-title":"2002. Investigation into the potential pathogenicity of Staphylococcus felis in a cat","volume":"150","author":"Patel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.158.16.533","article-title":"Survey of the prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of dermatological conditions in small animals in general practice","volume":"158","author":"Hill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1332","article-title":"Staphylococcal pyoderma in a cat: A case report","volume":"7","author":"Icen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-014-0052-7","article-title":"The shared microbiota of humans and companion animals as evaluated from Staphylococcus carriage sites","volume":"3","author":"Misic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3198","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3198","article-title":"Burden and predictors of S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius infections among dogs presented at an academic veterinary hospital in South Africa (2007\u20132012)","volume":"5","author":"Qekwana","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"885","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from cats and dogs from the Atlantic Provinces, Canada from 1994\u20132013","volume":"59","author":"Awosile","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2012.09.006","article-title":"Topical therapy for drug-resistant pyoderma in small animals","volume":"43","author":"Jeffers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13512119","article-title":"Prevalence of otitis externa in stray cats in northern Italy","volume":"16","author":"Perego","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.4314\/ovj.v10i4.4","article-title":"Otodectic and bacterial etiology of feline otitis externa in Tripoli, Libya","volume":"10","author":"Hiblu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.5326\/0380407","article-title":"Frequency of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus intermedius and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from canine skin and ear samples over a 6-year period (1992\u20131997)","volume":"38","author":"Petersen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2007.00996.x","article-title":"Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria and yeasts isolated from healthy dogs and dogs with otitis externa","volume":"54","author":"Lyskova","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12007","article-title":"Identification and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from dogs with otitis externa in Australia","volume":"91","author":"Budgen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Austr. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.11.014","article-title":"Canine superficial bacterial folliculitis: Current understanding of its etiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"199","author":"Bloom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"168","article-title":"Epidemiological study of dogs with otitis externa in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia","volume":"58","author":"Perry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.04.002","article-title":"What has changed in canine pyoderma? A narrative review","volume":"235","author":"Loeffler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e121","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818003278","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria isolated from dogs with otitis","volume":"147","author":"Cazeau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"263","article-title":"Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of canine Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains isolated from two different Italian university veterinary hospitals","volume":"56","author":"Nocera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, J.P., Anderson, K.L., Correa, M.T., Lyman, R., Ruffin, F., Reller, L.B., and Fowler, V.G. (2011). Transmission of MRSA between companion animals and infected human patients presenting to outpatient medical care facilities. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026978"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2012.10.001","article-title":"High diversity of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius lineages and toxigenic traits in healthy pet-owning household members. Underestimating normal household contact?","volume":"36","author":"Torres","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1599","article-title":"Systematic review on global epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: Inference of population structure from Multilocus sequence typing data","volume":"7","author":"Damborg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.08.011","article-title":"Acinetobacter in veterinary medicine, with an emphasis on Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"16","author":"Endimiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2020.101471","article-title":"Detection of a novel clone of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from a dog with otitis externa","volume":"70","author":"Nocera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nocera, F.P., Attili, A.R., and De Martino, L. (2021). Acinetobacter baumannii: Its clinical significance in Human and Veterinary Medicine. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10020127"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03824-14","article-title":"Extrahuman epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii in Lebanon","volume":"81","author":"Rafei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02872","article-title":"Hospitalized pets as a source of carbapenem-resistance","volume":"9","author":"Gentilini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.02.002","article-title":"Characterisation of clinical canine meticillin-resistant and meticillin-susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in France","volume":"2","author":"Haenni","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr576","article-title":"Clonal diversity and biofilm-forming ability of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius","volume":"67","author":"Osland","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.02.008","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in methicillin susceptible and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius of canine origin: Literature review from 1980 to 2013","volume":"171","author":"Moodley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"289","article-title":"Investigation of the antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains isolated from canine pyoderma","volume":"53","author":"Stefanetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and the molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius in small animals in Finland","volume":"72","author":"Eklund","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2011.01398.x","article-title":"Carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in small animal veterinarians: Indirect evidence of zoonotic transmission","volume":"58","author":"Paul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.02.012","article-title":"Staphylococcus pseudintermedius between infected dogs and cats and contact pets, humans and the environment in households and veterinary clinics","volume":"150","author":"Kamphuis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.21315\/mjms2017.24.5.2","article-title":"A Review of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) Types in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) Species","volume":"24","author":"Saber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malays J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00117-14","article-title":"The challenge of efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.d2393","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from dogs with otitis externa","volume":"169","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"253","article-title":"Update on antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacterial isolates from canine and feline otitis externa","volume":"47","author":"Hariharan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.02.018","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and genetic characterization of fluoroquinolone resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from canine infections","volume":"131","author":"Rubin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13287","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring of dermatological bacterial pathogens isolated from diseased dogs and cats across Europe (ComPath results)","volume":"121","author":"Ludwig","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"695","article-title":"Antimicrobial therapy of skin and ear infections","volume":"37","author":"Dowling","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2012.03.003","article-title":"Carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae: Here is the storm!","volume":"18","author":"Nordmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.052555-0","article-title":"Global spread of antibiotic resistance: The example of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM)-mediated carbapenem resistance","volume":"62","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization) (2018, June 18). WHO Publishes List of Bacteria for Which New Antibiotics Are Urgently, Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/detail\/27-02-2017-who-publishes-list-of-bacteria-for-which-new-antibiotics-are-urgently-needed."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2013.10.001","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria isolated from infections in cats and dogs throughout Europe (2002\u20132009)","volume":"37","author":"Kroemer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2017). European Law 2017 No. 167 of 20 November 2017 on Traceability of Veterinary Medicines and Medicated Feeds for the Achievement of the Objectives Stated in Directives 2001\/82\/EC and 90\/167\/EEC, European Commission."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/6\/1603\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:10:18Z","timestamp":1760163018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/6\/1603"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11061603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11061603","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]}}}