{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T07:21:45Z","timestamp":1781076105870,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the pig, the establishment and maintenance of luteal function in early gestation is crucial to endometrial function, embryo development, and survival. The level of feed intake has a positive effect on formation of luteal tissue and progesterone secretion by the ovaries in the pre-implantation period, which is important for endometrial remodeling and secretion. These effects are independent of luteinising hormone (LH) and probably driven by metabolic cues, such as insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), and seem to support progesterone secretion and delivery to the endometrium, the latter which occurs directly, bypassing the systemic circulation. Even after implantation, a high feed intake seems to improve embryo survival and the maintenance of pregnancy. In this stage, luteal function is LH-dependent, although normal variations in energy intake may not result in pregnancy failure, but may contribute to nutrient supply to the embryos, since in this phase uterine capacity becomes limiting. Feed incidents, however, such as unintended fasting of animals or severe competition for feed, may result in embryo or even pregnancy loss, especially in periods of seasonal infertility. Specific nutrients such as arginine have a role in the vascularisation of the placenta and can improve the uterine capacity in the period after implantation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T14:16:04Z","timestamp":1623248164000},"page":"1720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Latest Advances in Sow Nutrition during Early Gestation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Pieter","family":"Langendijk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Trouw Nutrition Innovation, 3811 MH Amersfoort, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"How does nutrition influence luteal function and early embryo survival","volume":"68","author":"Langendijk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.2527\/2001.791200x","article-title":"Effects of different patterns of feed restriction and insulin treatment during the luteal phase on reproductive, metabolic, and endocrine parameters in cyclic gilts","volume":"79","author":"Almeida","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1071\/AN12004","article-title":"Feeding level and dietary energy source have no effect on embryo survival in gilts, despite changes in systemic progesterone levels","volume":"53","author":"Athorn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.8182088x","article-title":"Duration of lactation, endocrine and metabolic state, and fertility of primiparous sows","volume":"81","author":"Willis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"47","article-title":"Mechanisms mediating nutritional effects on embryonic survival in pigs","volume":"1","author":"Foxcroft","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.2527\/1998.7641145x","article-title":"Feeding lactating primiparous sows to establish three divergent metabolic states: I. Associated endocrine changes and postweaning reproductive performance","volume":"76","author":"Zak","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2007.06.008","article-title":"Feeding level does not affect progesterone levels in intermittently suckled sows with lactational ovulation","volume":"103","author":"Gerritsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2016.07.002","article-title":"Expression of progesterone receptor in the porcine uterus and placenta throughout gestation: Correlation with expression of uteroferrin and osteopontin","volume":"58","author":"Steinhauser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22835","article-title":"Embryo-maternal dialogue during pregnancy establishment and implantation in the pig","volume":"84","author":"Waclawik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"E66","article-title":"Uterine capacity in the pig reflects a combination of uterine environment and conceptus genotype effects","volume":"80","author":"Ford","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.2527\/1993.7161566x","article-title":"Investigations into the control of litter size in swine: II. Comparisons of morphological and functional embryonic diversity between Chinese and American breeds","volume":"71","author":"Anderson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"57","article-title":"Effect of migration, distribution and spacing of pig embryos on pregnancy and fetal survival","volume":"33","author":"Dziuk","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1986.633848x","article-title":"Intrauterine migration of the porcine embryo: Coordination of bead migration with estradiol","volume":"63","author":"Pope","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1968.273673x","article-title":"Effect of number of embryos and terine space on embryonic survival in the pig","volume":"27","author":"Dziuk","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"E54","article-title":"Early embryonic survival in the pig: Can it be improved?","volume":"80","author":"Geisert","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"131","article-title":"Maternal recognition of pregnancy or endocrine disruptor: The two faces of oestrogen during establishment of pregnancy in the pig","volume":"62","author":"Geisert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Reprod. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0800133","article-title":"Development and survival of pig blastocysts after oestrogen administration on day 9 or days 9 and 10 of pregnancy","volume":"80","author":"Morgan","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1975.412564x","article-title":"Uterine Capacity and Progestin Levels in Superinducted Gilts","volume":"41","author":"Rampacek","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.2527\/1993.7171895x","article-title":"Influence of initial length of uterus per embryo and gestation stage on prenatal survival, development, and sex ratio in the pig","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.2527\/1997.7551337x","article-title":"Effect of number of pig embryos in the uterus on their survival and development and on maternal metabolism","volume":"75","author":"Dourmad","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00069","article-title":"Number of conceptuses in utero affects porcine fetal muscle development","volume":"128","author":"Town","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1972.354805x","article-title":"Effect of number of embryos on embryonic survival in recipient gilts","volume":"35","author":"Pope","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1974.385960x","article-title":"Effect of stage of gestation and uterine space on prenatal survival in the pig","volume":"38","author":"Webel","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1017\/S175173111600029X","article-title":"Embryonic survival at day 9, 21 and 35 of pregnancy in intact and unilaterally oviduct ligated multiparous sows","volume":"10","author":"Langendijk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(95)01400-T","article-title":"Effect of chronic treatment with a GnRH agonist (Goserelin) on LH secretion and early pregnancy in gilts","volume":"40","author":"Peltoniemi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:2000108","article-title":"Feed restriction in cyclic gilts: Gonadotrophin-independent effects on follicular growth","volume":"40","author":"Quesnel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Reprod. Nutr. Dev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1071\/RD11292","article-title":"Undernutrition during early follicle development has irreversible effects on ovulation rate and embryos","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1071\/RD99007","article-title":"Effects of pre- and post-mating nutritional status on hepatic function, progesterone concentration, uterine protein secretion and embryo survival in meishan pigs","volume":"11","author":"Ashworth","year":"1999","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.2527\/1999.773724x","article-title":"Reproductive, metabolic, and endocrine responses to feed restriction and gnrh treatment in primiparous, lactating sows","volume":"77","author":"Mao","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod64.1.359","article-title":"Feed Restriction and Insulin Treatment Affect Subsequent Luteal Function in the Immediate Postovulatory Period in Pigs: Progesterone Production In Vitro and Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression for Key Steroidogenic Enzymes","volume":"64","author":"Mao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12118","article-title":"Effects of Pre-Weaning Energy Substitutions on Post-Weaning Follicle Development, Steroid Hormones and Subsequent Litter Size in Primiparous Sows","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2011.01802.x","article-title":"Nutritionally induced relationships between insulin levels during the weaning-to-ovulation interval and reproductive characteristics in multiparous sows: II. Luteal development, progesterone and conceptus development and uniformity","volume":"47","author":"Wientjes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1071\/RD11295","article-title":"Effect of feeding level on luteal function and progesterone concentration in the vena cava during early pregnancy in gilts","volume":"25","author":"Athorn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1260061","article-title":"Effect of different nutritional regimens before ovulation on plasma concentrations of metabolic and reproductive hormones and oocyte maturation in gilts","volume":"126","author":"Ferguson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:2002031","article-title":"Regulation of IGF-I and porcine oviductal secretory protein (pOSP) secretion into the pig oviduct in the peri-ovulatory period, and effects of previous nutrition","volume":"42","author":"Novak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reprod. Nutr. Dev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1556\/avet.51.2003.2.8","article-title":"Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I action on progesterone secretion by porcine corpora lutea isolated at various periods of the luteal phase","volume":"51","author":"Ptak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1250241","article-title":"Steroidogenic responses of pig corpora lutea to insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) throughout the oestrous cycle","volume":"125","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2003.07.006","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I on spontaneous apoptosis in cultured luteal cells collected from early, mature, and regressing porcine corpora lutea","volume":"80","author":"Ptak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2007.00865.x","article-title":"Porcine luteal function in relation to IGF-1 levels following ovulation during lactation or after weaning","volume":"43","author":"Langendijk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859600085580","article-title":"Influence of plane of nutrition on portal blood flow and the metabolic clearance rate of progesterone in ovariectomised gilts","volume":"121","author":"Prime","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.2527\/1996.743620x","article-title":"Effect of nutrition on embryonal mortality in gilts: Association with progesterone","volume":"74","author":"Jindal","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farmer, C. (2015). Early gestation feeding and management for optimal reproductive performance. The Gestating and Lactating Sow, Wageningen Academic Press.","DOI":"10.3920\/978-90-8686-803-2"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2019.04.005","article-title":"Effects of post-insemination energy content of feed on embryonic survival in pigs: A systematic review","volume":"205","author":"Leal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1071\/RD10333","article-title":"Direct ovarian-uterine transfer of progesterone increases embryo survival in gilts","volume":"23","author":"Athorn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(98)00208-8","article-title":"Local increase of ovarian steroid hormone concentration in blood supplying the oviduct and uterus during early pregnancy of sows","volume":"50","author":"Grzegorzewski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2004.07.004","article-title":"Plasma progesterone concentration depends on sampling site in pigs","volume":"86","author":"Virolainen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Rodrigues-Martinez, H. (2013). Roles of selected nutrients in development of the porcine conceptus during pregnancy. Control of Pig Reproduction IX, Proceedings of the International Conference on Pig Reproduction, Olsztyn, Poland, 9\u201313 June 2013, Context Products Ltd."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2527\/1993.711239x","article-title":"Supplemental folic acid: A requirement for optimizing swine reproduction","volume":"71","author":"Lindemann","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-35982009001300019","article-title":"What mineral and vitamin levels to recommend in swine diets?","volume":"38","author":"Quiniou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas96-062","article-title":"Dietary folic acid, uterine function and early embryonic development in sows","volume":"76","author":"Matte","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1989.673724x","article-title":"Days of gestation after folic acid addition to a swine diet survival rate and development of fetuses during the first 30 days","volume":"67","author":"Tremblay","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.813735x","article-title":"Plasma reduced folates, reproductive performance, and conceptus development in sows in response to supplementation with oxidized and reduced sources of folic acid","volume":"81","author":"Harper","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"2134","article-title":"Effect of folic acid and glycine supplementation on embryo development and folate metabolism during early pregnancy in pigs","volume":"80","author":"Guay","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Bazer, F.W. (1991). Use of supplemental dietary riboflavin to increase fertility and\/or prolificacy in animals. (no. 5063226), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1071\/RD15520","article-title":"Effects of temporary undernutrition on ovarian progesterone secretion and corpora lutea morphometrics during early gestation in gilts","volume":"29","author":"Langendijk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Kongsted, A.G. (2004). Reproduction Performances and Conditions of Group-Housed Non-Lactating Sows. [Ph.D. Thesis, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Van Barneveld, R.J. (2011). Feeding level and dietary energy source during early pregnancy in first parity sows: Effects on pregnancy and litter size. Proceedings of the Australasian Pig Science Association, Adelaide, Australia, 27\u201330 November 2011, Australasian Pig Science Association."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Van Barneveld, R.J. (2011). Feeding level and dietary fibre content during early pregnancy in gilts and pregnancy rate and litter size. Proceedings of the Australasian Pig Science Association: Adelaide, Australia, 27\u201330 November 2011, Australasian Pig Science Association."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3289","article-title":"Feeding motivation and plasma metabolites in pregnant sows fed diets rich in dietary fiber either once or twice daily","volume":"90","author":"Jensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114500001756","article-title":"Quantification of the absorption of nutrients derived from carbohydrate assimilation: Model experiment with catheterised pigs fed on wheat- or oat-based rolls","volume":"84","author":"Knudsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brit. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1071\/RD10312","article-title":"Temporal candidate gene expression in the sow placenta and embryo during early gestation and effect of maternal Progenos supplementation on embryonic and placental development","volume":"24","author":"Novak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Wiseman, J., Kemp, B., and Varley, M. (2007). Influence of nutritional factors on placental growth and piglet imprinting. Paradigms in Pig Science, Nottingham University Press."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"394","article-title":"Progenos in sows increases number of piglets born","volume":"84","author":"Ramaekers","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E195","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2446","article-title":"Impacts of amino acid nutrition on pregnancy outcome in pigs: Mechanisms and implications for swine production","volume":"88","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.08.018","article-title":"Dietary L-arginine supplementation during early gestation of gilts affects conceptuses development","volume":"140","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.23397","article-title":"L-Arginine supplementation of gilts during early gestation modulates energy sensitive pathways in pig conceptuses","volume":"87","author":"Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1071\/RD07117","article-title":"Pulsatile release of luteinising hormone during the luteal phase in lactating and weaned sows","volume":"19","author":"Langendijk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(02)00167-7","article-title":"Early disruption of pregnancy as a manifestation of seasonal infertility in pigs","volume":"74","author":"Tast","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13686","article-title":"Progesterone and luteinizing hormone secretion patterns in early pregnant gilts","volume":"55","author":"Haen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Dom. Anim."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"205","article-title":"Seasonality of reproduction in gilts and sows","volume":"62","author":"Peltoniemi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2003.08.005","article-title":"Changes in feeding level during early pregnancy affect fertility in gilts","volume":"80","author":"Virolainen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Pluske, J., and Pluske, J. (2013). High growth rates during early pregnancy positively affect farrowing rate in parity one and two sows. Manipulating Pig Production XIV, Australasian Pig Science Association."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Pluske, J., and Pluske, J. (2013). Increasing feed intake in early gestation improves farrowing rate in first and second parity sows. Manipulating Pig Production XIV, Australasian Pig Science Association."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/6\/1720\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:12:25Z","timestamp":1760163145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/6\/1720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11061720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11061720","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]}}}