{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T10:57:46Z","timestamp":1791889066522,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review analyzes the main anatomical structures and neural pathways that allow the generation of autonomous and behavioral mechanisms that regulate body heat in mammals. The study of the hypothalamic neuromodulation of thermoregulation offers broad areas of opportunity with practical applications that are currently being strengthened by the availability of efficacious tools like infrared thermography (IRT). These areas could include the following: understanding the effect of climate change on behavior and productivity; analyzing the effects of exercise on animals involved in sporting activities; identifying the microvascular changes that occur in response to fear, pleasure, pain, and other situations that induce stress in animals; and examining thermoregulating behaviors. This research could contribute substantially to understanding the drastic modification of environments that have severe consequences for animals, such as loss of appetite, low productivity, neonatal hypothermia, and thermal shock, among others. Current knowledge of these physiological processes and complex anatomical structures, like the nervous systems and their close relation to mechanisms of thermoregulation, is still limited. The results of studies in fields like evolutionary neuroscience of thermoregulation show that we cannot yet objectively explain even processes that on the surface seem simple, including behavioral changes and the pathways and connections that trigger mechanisms like vasodilatation and panting. In addition, there is a need to clarify the connection between emotions and thermoregulation that increases the chances of survival of some organisms. An increasingly precise understanding of thermoregulation will allow us to design and apply practical methods in fields like animal science and clinical medicine without compromising levels of animal welfare. The results obtained should not only increase the chances of survival but also improve quality of life and animal production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T13:31:39Z","timestamp":1623331899000},"page":"1733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":187,"title":["Physiological and Behavioral Mechanisms of Thermoregulation in Mammals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0562-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Mota-Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0205-227X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiane Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Titto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biometeorologia e Etologia, FZEA-USP, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1226-7717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Orihuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8681-4261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Burnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1178-3242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jocelyn","family":"G\u00f3mez-Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Torres-Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla","family":"Flores-Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Carvajal-de la Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7322-2371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dehua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pests Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-020518-114546","article-title":"Central Mechanisms for Thermoregulation","volume":"81","author":"Morrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3641","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.210047","article-title":"Central efferent pathways for cold-defensive and febrile shivering","volume":"589","author":"Nakamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2020.102641","article-title":"Aquaporins, evaporative water loss and thermoregulation in heat-acclimated Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)","volume":"91","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218974","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.218974","article-title":"Thermo-TRPs and gut microbiota are involved in thermogenesis and energy metabolism during low temperature exposure of obese mice","volume":"223","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Pereira, A.M.F., Titto, E.A.L., and Almeida, J.A.A. (2019). Adaptation of Ruminants to Hot Climates, Appris."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Ward, D. (2009). The Biology of Desert, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.2741\/3797","article-title":"Behavioral thermoregulation in mammals: A review","volume":"16","author":"Terrien","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.02.022","article-title":"Regulation of Body Temperature by the Nervous System","volume":"98","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190136","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0136","article-title":"The evolution of mechanisms involved in vertebrate endothermy","volume":"375","author":"Legendre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Klein, B.G. (2013). Cunningham: Fisiolog\u00eda Veterinaria, Elsevier. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Conn, P. (2017). Chapter 12: Animal Models for Manipulation of Thermogenesis. Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2019.01.009","article-title":"Normative surface skin temperature changes due to blood redistribution: A prospective study","volume":"80","author":"Shilco","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"109","article-title":"A discrete neuronal circuit induces a hibernation-like state in rodents","volume":"583","author":"Takahashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1126\/science.128.3335.1344.a","article-title":"Cold Exposure and Heat Reinforced Operant Behavior","volume":"128","author":"Carlton","year":"1958","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1126\/science.133.3461.1338","article-title":"Behavioral Thermoregulation: Behavior is a remarkably sensitive mechanism in the regulation of body temperature","volume":"133","author":"Weiss","year":"1961","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(83)90102-6","article-title":"Effects of temperature and social interactions on huddling behavior in Mus musculus","volume":"31","author":"Batchelder","year":"1983","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.04.035","article-title":"Thermoregulation via Temperature-Dependent PGD2 Production in Mouse Preoptic Area","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2016.01.024","article-title":"Impacts of shade on physiological and behavioural pattern of Dehong buffalo calves under high temperature","volume":"177","author":"Gu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13468","article-title":"Effects of climate change on pup growth and survival in a cooperative mammal, the meerkat","volume":"34","author":"Fuller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2008.07.025","article-title":"CO2 stunning may compromise swine welfare compared with electrical stunning","volume":"81","year":"2009","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2011.11.027","article-title":"Effects of long distance transportation and CO2 stunning on critical blood values in pigs","volume":"90","author":"Molina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2019.108025","article-title":"Effects of heat stress on animal physiology, metabolism, and meat quality: A review","volume":"162","author":"Chauhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lees, A.M., Sejian, V., Wallage, A.L., Steel, C.C., Mader, T.L., Lees, J.C., and Gaughan, J.B. (2019). The Impact of Heat Load on Cattle. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9060322"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2009.08.001","article-title":"Buffalo\u2019s biological functions as affected by heat stress\u2014A review","volume":"127","author":"Marai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neurobiolog\u00eda y modulaci\u00f3n de la hipertermia inducida por estr\u00e9s agudo y fiebre en los animales","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Abanico Veter."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.20-0052","article-title":"Infrared thermal imaging associated with pain in laboratory animals","volume":"70","author":"Orihuela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Anim."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quality of death in the river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)","volume":"9","author":"Ghezzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Thermal biology in river buffalo in the humid tropics: Neurophysiological and behavioral responses assessed by infrared thermography","volume":"9","author":"Napolitano","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.31893\/jabb.20038","article-title":"Scientific findings related to changes in vascular microcirculation using infrared thermography in the river buffalo","volume":"8","author":"Bertoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.6000\/1927-520X.2020.09.12","article-title":"Similarities and Differences between River Buffaloes and Cattle: Health, Physiological, Behavioral and Productivity Aspects","volume":"9","author":"Bertoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Buffalo Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2021.110232","article-title":"Alterations in TNF-\u03b1 and its receptors expression in cows undergoing heat stress","volume":"235","author":"Lendez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Veter. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2021.102842","article-title":"Scrotal thermoregulation and sequential sperm abnormalities in buffalo bulls (Bubalus bubalis) under short-term heat stress","volume":"96","author":"Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v36n1p1-12\/2016","article-title":"Evaluation of thermorregulatory capacity of dairy buffaloes using infrared thermography","volume":"36","author":"Sevegnani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Engenharia Agr\u00edcola"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"7","article-title":"Heat Stress: Its Effect on the Immune Status of Dairy Cows","volume":"101","author":"Lendez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Medica Vet."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/23144599.2020.1821574","article-title":"Physiological responses of pigs to preslaughter handling: Infrared and thermal imaging applications","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Veter. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2016.02.022","article-title":"Infrared thermography: A non-invasive window into thermal physiology","volume":"202","author":"Tattersall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2020.102664","article-title":"Advances in infrared thermography: Surgical aspects, vascular changes, and pain monitoring in veterinary medicine","volume":"92","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2013.13505","article-title":"Piglets\u2019 Surface Temperature Change at Different Weights at Birth","volume":"27","author":"Caldara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Thermal homeostasis in the newborn puppy: Behavioral and physiological responses","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hypothermia in newly born piglets: Mechanisms of thermoregulation and pathophysiology of death","volume":"9","author":"Boscato","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.11.010","article-title":"Application of infrared thermography to assess the effect of different types of environmental enrichment on the ocular, auricular pavilion and nose area temperatures of weaned piglets","volume":"156","author":"Roldan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2013.06.003","article-title":"Use of infrared ocular thermography to assess physiological conditions of pigs prior to slaughter and predict pork quality variation","volume":"95","author":"Weschenfelder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3844\/ajavsp.2018.104.114","article-title":"Infrared Thermography and Metabolic Changes in Castrated Piglets due to the Effects of Age and the Number of Incisions in the Testicles","volume":"13","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Anim. Veter. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2005.09.007","article-title":"Positive handling in late pregnancy and the consequences for maternal behaviour and production in sows","volume":"99","author":"Andersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.31893\/jabb.20026","article-title":"Effects of Human-Animal Relationship on Animal Productivity and Welfare","volume":"8","author":"Broom","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota-Rojas, D., Napolitano, F., Strappini, A., Orihuela, A., Ghezzi, M., Hern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1valos, I., Mora-Medina, P., and Whittaker, A. (2021). Pain at the Slaughterhouse in Ruminants with a Focus on the Neurobiology of Sensitisation. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11041085"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2011.07.006","article-title":"The effects of high temperature and wallow on physiological responses of swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) during winter season in Thailand","volume":"36","author":"Khongdee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayan, E., Perakis, A., and Meikle, W. (2019). Using Thermal Imaging to Monitor Body Temperature of Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) in A Zoo Setting. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9121094"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Guerrero-Legarreta, I., Napolitano, F., Mota-Rojas, D., and Orihuela, A. (2019). El B\u00fafalo de Agua en las Am\u00e9ricas, Enfoques Pr\u00e1cticos y Experimentales, BM Editores. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Napolitano, F., Mota-Rojas, D., Guerrero Legarreta, I., and Orihuela, A. (2020). The Latin American River Buffalo, Recent Findings, BM Editores Press. [3rd ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www.lifescienceglobal.com\/journals\/journal-of-buffalo-science\/97-abstract\/jbs\/4550-el-bufalo-de-agua-en-latinoamerica-hallazgos-recientes."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Tortora, G.J., and Derrickson, B. (2013). Principios de Anatom\u00eda y Fisiolog\u00eda, Editorial M\u00e9dica Panamericana. [13th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Hamblin, M.R., Avci, P., and Prow, T.W. (2016). Chapter 1: Anatomy and Function of the Skin. Nanoscience in Dermatology, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2019.102495","article-title":"Thermoregulatory differences in African mole-rat species from disparate habitats: Responses and limitations","volume":"88","author":"McGowan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.11.027","article-title":"Central nervous system circuits that control body temperature","volume":"696","author":"Madden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1073140","article-title":"A Heat-Sensitive TRP Channel Expressed in Keratinocytes","volume":"296","author":"Peier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00652-9","article-title":"A TRP Channel that Senses Cold Stimuli and Menthol","volume":"108","author":"Peier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"460","article-title":"The TRPM2 ion channel is required for sensitivity to warmth","volume":"536","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.44.359","article-title":"Central Mechanisms for Thermoregulation in a Hot Environment","volume":"44","author":"Nagashima","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ind. Heal."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plotczyk, M., and Higgins, C.A. (2019). Skin biology. Biomaterials for Skin Repair and Regeneration, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102546-8.00001-7"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.09.003","article-title":"Generation of somatic sensory neuron diversity and implications on sensory coding","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.86.3.1459","article-title":"Quantitative Response Characteristics of Thermoreceptive and Nociceptive Lamina I Spinothalamic Neurons in the Cat","volume":"86","author":"Craig","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63912-7.00012-6","article-title":"Chapter 12: Cutaneous active vasodilation as a heat loss thermoeffector","volume":"Volume 156","author":"Francisco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05327-8","article-title":"The lateral parabrachial nucleus, but not the thalamus, mediates thermosensory pathways for behavioural thermoregulation","volume":"7","author":"Yahiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2741\/3677","article-title":"Central neural pathways for thermoregulation","volume":"16","author":"Shaun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.4065\/78.5.603","article-title":"Skin Blood Flow in Adult Human Thermoregulation: How It Works, When It Does Not, and Why","volume":"78","author":"Charkoudian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2016.12.010","article-title":"Spectral analysis of reflex cutaneous vasodilatation during passive heat stress","volume":"111","author":"Mallette","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(01)00386-1","article-title":"Cutaneous blood flow and thermoregulation in prader-willi syndrome patients","volume":"26","author":"DiMario","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Drake, R.L., Vogl, W., and Mitchell, A.M. (2018). Gray: Anatom\u00eda B\u00e1sica, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2170\/jjphysiol.35.375","article-title":"Thermosensitive neurons in the brain","volume":"35","author":"Nakayama","year":"1985","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"5","article-title":"Concepts to utilize in describing thermoregulation and neurophysiological evidence for how the system works","volume":"109","author":"Kanosue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.01.002","article-title":"Glucoregulatory responses to hypothalamic preoptic area cooling","volume":"1710","author":"Muta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5034","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0213-16.2016","article-title":"Glutamatergic Preoptic Area Neurons That Express Leptin Receptors Drive Temperature-Dependent Body Weight Homeostasis","volume":"36","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616255114","article-title":"A hypothalamic circuit that controls body temperature","volume":"114","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf7537","article-title":"The TRPM2 channel is a hypothalamic heat sensor that limits fever and can drive hypothermia","volume":"353","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1080\/19336950.2017.1344801","article-title":"The TRPM2 channel: A thermo-sensitive metabolic sensor","volume":"11","author":"Kashio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Channels"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1113\/EP085837","article-title":"Activation of autonomic thermoeffectors preceding the decision to behaviourally thermoregulate in resting humans","volume":"101","author":"Schlader","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3784","article-title":"Peripheral thermosensation in mammals","volume":"15","author":"Vriens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2016.1258445","article-title":"The TRPM2 channel in temperature detection and thermoregulation","volume":"4","author":"Kamm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.109.001263","article-title":"The Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid-1 Channel in Thermoregulation: A Thermosensor It Is Not","volume":"61","author":"Romanovsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64074-1.00035-5","article-title":"Stress-induced hyperthermia and hypothermia","volume":"157","author":"Oka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2020.102574","article-title":"Diagnosis of hypothermia in the European hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus, using infrared thermography","volume":"90","author":"Kathryn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2016.01.002","article-title":"Responses to hyperthermia. Optimizing heat dissipation by convection and evaporation: Neural control of skin blood flow and sweating in humans","volume":"196","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-188703000-00002","article-title":"The Heat Center in the Brain","volume":"14","author":"Ott","year":"1887","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(88)90176-1","article-title":"Effects of changing hypothalamic temperature on eccrine sweating in the patas monkey","volume":"20","author":"Gisolfi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2016.12.007","article-title":"Characterizing human skin blood flow regulation in response to different local skin temperature perturbations","volume":"111","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H51","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00919.2008","article-title":"The involvement of heating rate and vasoconstrictor nerves in the cutaneous vasodilator response to skin warming","volume":"296","author":"Hodges","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2001.012989","article-title":"Role of the medullary raph\u00e9 in thermoregulatory vasomotor control in rats","volume":"540","author":"Tanaka","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1107","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00005.2005","article-title":"Interactive drives from two brain stem premotor nuclei are essential to support rat tail sympathetic activity","volume":"289","author":"Ootsuka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2015.1069437","article-title":"Control of cutaneous blood flow by central nervous system","volume":"2","author":"Ootsuka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.603bt.x","article-title":"Vasodilator component in sympathetic nerve activity destined for the skin of the dorsal foot of mildly heated humans","volume":"507","author":"Sugenoya","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6825","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-11-06825.1994","article-title":"Innervation and vasculature of human sweat glands: An immunohistochemistry-laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy study","volume":"14","author":"Kennedy","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63912-7.00013-8","article-title":"Chapter 13: Sweating as a heat loss thermoeffector","volume":"Volume 156","author":"Gagnon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R804","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00040.2013","article-title":"Location of cat brain stem neurons that drive sweating","volume":"304","author":"Shafton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson, J.-\u00c5., Molokwu, M.N., and Olsson, O. (2016). Body Temperature Regulation in Hot Environments. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161481"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2019.102481","article-title":"Time course determination of the effects of rapid and gradual cooling after acute hyperthermia on body temperature and intestinal integrity in pigs","volume":"87","author":"Kpodo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-031412-103644","article-title":"Effects of Heat Stress on Postabsorptive Metabolism and Energetics","volume":"1","author":"Baumgard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01142.2001","article-title":"Bradykinin does not mediate cutaneous active vasodilation during heat stress in humans","volume":"93","author":"Kellogg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R200","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00549.2002","article-title":"Intensity-dependent thermoregulatory responses at the onset of dynamic exercise in mildly heated humans","volume":"285","author":"Yanagimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.00605.x","article-title":"Evidence for metaboreceptor stimulation of sweating in normothermic and heat-stressed humans","volume":"534","author":"Shibasaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00910.2007","article-title":"Hyperthermia and fatigue","volume":"104","author":"Nybo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expthermflusci.2015.10.006","article-title":"Skin temperature measurements by infrared thermography during running exercise","volume":"71","author":"Tanda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Hinchcliff, K.W., Kaneps, A.J., and Geor, R.J. (2004). Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2017.12.010","article-title":"A Pilot Study into the Utility of Dynamic Infrared Thermography for Measuring Body Surface Temperature Changes During Treadmill Exercise in Horses","volume":"62","author":"Soroko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Equine Veter. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.10.046","article-title":"The neuroscience of adaptive thermoregulation","volume":"692","author":"Angilletta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.09.025","article-title":"Contributions of the Amygdala to Emotion Processing: From Animal Models to Human Behavior","volume":"48","author":"Phelps","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.08.028","article-title":"Warm-Sensitive Neurons that Control Body Temperature","volume":"167","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.09.014","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Emotional Learning and Memory in the Lateral Amygdala","volume":"44","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04073.x","article-title":"Changes in cutaneous and body temperature during and after conditioned fear to context in the rat","volume":"21","author":"Vianna","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.393-404","article-title":"Neurobiology of anesthetic-surgical stress and induced behavioral changes in dogs and cats: A review","volume":"14","year":"2021","journal-title":"Veter. World"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1071\/AN20237","article-title":"Provision of straw and the presence of undocked lambs reduce the behavioural and physiological expressions of pain and stress associated with tail docking in lambs: A preliminary study","volume":"61","author":"Larrondo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"1","article-title":"Facial expressions and emotions in domestic animals","volume":"14","year":"2019","journal-title":"CAB Rev. Perspect. Agric. Veter. Sci. Nutr. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1248","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.91010.2008","article-title":"Roles of two preoptic cell groups in tonic and febrile control of rat tail sympathetic fibers","volume":"296","author":"Tanaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6569","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274667","article-title":"Median preoptic glutamatergic neurons promote thermoregulatory heat loss and water consumption in mice","volume":"595","author":"Abbott","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00459-0","article-title":"Raphe pallidus and parapyramidal neurons regulate ear pinna vascular conductance in the rabbit","volume":"270","author":"Blessing","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4600","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-11-04600.2002","article-title":"The Rostral Raphe Pallidus Nucleus Mediates Pyrogenic Transmission from the Preoptic Area","volume":"22","author":"Nakamura","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R343","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00115.2008","article-title":"Central pathway for spontaneous and prostaglandin E2-evoked cutaneous vasoconstriction","volume":"295","author":"Rathner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5078","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6433-10.2011","article-title":"Preoptic-Raphe Connections for Thermoregulatory Vasomotor Control","volume":"31","author":"Tanaka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1994.sp020476","article-title":"Effects of preoptic warming on subretrofacial and cutaneous vasoconstrictor neurons in anaesthetized cats","volume":"481","author":"McAllen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1838(97)00094-5","article-title":"Functionally different neurons are organized topographically in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of rabbits","volume":"67","author":"Ootsuka","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2012.00005","article-title":"Central Control of Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Morrison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2016.02.010","article-title":"Central neural control of thermoregulation and brown adipose tissue","volume":"196","author":"Morrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R290","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1999.276.2.R290","article-title":"GABA-mediated inhibition of raphe pallidus neurons regulates sympathetic outflow to brown adipose tissue","volume":"276","author":"Morrison","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)03369-8","article-title":"Chemical stimulation of the dorsomedial hypothalamus evokes non-shivering thermogenesis in anesthetized rats","volume":"928","author":"Zaretskaia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.05.018","article-title":"Psychological Stress Activates a Dorsomedial Hypothalamus-Medullary Raphe Circuit Driving Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis and Hyperthermia","volume":"20","author":"Kataoka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R320","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00515.2003","article-title":"Excitatory amino acid receptors in the dorsomedial hypothalamus mediate prostaglandin-evoked thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue","volume":"286","author":"Madden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3223-10.2011","article-title":"Leptin-Receptor-Expressing Neurons in the Dorsomedial Hypothalamus and Median Preoptic Area Regulate Sympathetic Brown Adipose Tissue Circuits","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.07.022","article-title":"The Thermogenic Effect of Leptin Is Dependent on a Distinct Population of Prolactin-Releasing Peptide Neurons in the Dorsomedial Hypothalamus","volume":"20","author":"Dodd","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seoane-Collazo, P., Mart\u00ednez-S\u00e1nchez, N., Milbank, E., and Contreras, C. (2020). Incendiary Leptin. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020472"},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"420","article-title":"Violet-light suppression of thermogenesis by opsin 5 hypothalamic neurons","volume":"585","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.05.064","article-title":"A Glutamatergic Hypothalamomedullary Circuit Mediates Thermogenesis, but Not Heat Conservation, during Stress-Induced Hyperthermia","volume":"28","author":"Machado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1962.tb02341.x","article-title":"Central Control of Cold Defense Mechanisms and the Release of \u201cEndopyrogen\u201d in the Goat","volume":"54","author":"Andersen","year":"1962","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1960.198.3.481","article-title":"Thermoregulatory responses to hypothalamic cooling in unanesthetized dogs","volume":"198","author":"Hammel","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Content"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(61)90048-6","article-title":"Activation and suppression of shivering during septal and hypothalamic stimulation","volume":"4","author":"Stuart","year":"1961","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.102400","article-title":"Reflex activation of rat fusimotor neurons by body surface cooling, and its dependence on the medullary raph\u00e9","volume":"572","author":"Tanaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/02541858.1984.11447891","article-title":"Why do elephants flap their ears?","volume":"19","author":"Wright","year":"1984","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4565(00)00031-0","article-title":"Heat loss in Dumbo: A theoretical approach","volume":"26","author":"Phillips","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077213","article-title":"Peripheral heat as a reward for heart rate response in the curarized rat","volume":"90","author":"Cabanac","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"1","article-title":"Functional architecture of behavioural thermoregulation","volume":"111","author":"Flouris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.3.1533","article-title":"Functional MRI study of thalamic and cortical activations evoked by cutaneous heat, cold, and tactile stimuli","volume":"80","author":"Davis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2015.1095270","article-title":"Current understanding on the neurophysiology of behavioral thermoregulation","volume":"2","author":"Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018077","article-title":"Modes of action of local hypothalamic and skin thermal stimulation on salivary secretion in rats","volume":"424","author":"Kanosue","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1938.1.2.101","article-title":"Activation of heat loss mechanisms by local heating of the brain","volume":"1","author":"Magoun","year":"1938","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2005.04211.x","article-title":"Thermoregulatory role of periventricular tissue surrounding the anteroventral third ventricle (av3v) during acute heat stress in the rat","volume":"32","author":"Whyte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1139\/y70-002","article-title":"Evaporative cooling in the rat: Effects of hypothalamic lesions and chorda tympani damage","volume":"48","author":"Stricker","year":"1970","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(81)90098-6","article-title":"Heat-induced saliva secretion and thermoregulation in female rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions","volume":"26","author":"Flynn","year":"1981","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)91117-8","article-title":"Efferent connections of the parabrachial nucleus in the rat","volume":"197","author":"Saper","year":"1980","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(86)90145-9","article-title":"Grooming, body extension, and vasomotor responses induced by hypothalamic warming at different ambient temperatures in rats","volume":"38","author":"Tanaka","year":"1986","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1037\/h0036147","article-title":"Brain areas controlling thermoregulatory grooming, prone extension, locomotion, and tail vasodilation in rats","volume":"86","author":"Roberts","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(77)90226-8","article-title":"Effects of lesions in central thermosensitive areas on thermoregulatory responses in rat","volume":"19","author":"Roberts","year":"1977","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2005.11.019","article-title":"Thermoregulatory behavior is disrupted in rats with lesions of the anteroventral third ventricular area (AV3V)","volume":"87","author":"Whyte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, M.C., Steiner, A.A., Branco, L.G.S., and Romanovsky, A.A. (2006). Neural Substrate of Cold-Seeking Behavior in Endotoxin Shock. PLoS ONE, 1.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000001"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1037\/h0028170","article-title":"Effect of preoptic and anterior hypothalamic lesions on behavioral thermoregulation in the cold","volume":"69","author":"Carlisle","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"770","article-title":"A thalamic nucleus specific for pain and temperature sensation","volume":"372","author":"Craig","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn894","article-title":"How do you feel? Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body","volume":"3","author":"Craig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6956","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0100-17.2017","article-title":"Cold-Induced Thermogenesis and Inflammation-Associated Cold-Seeking Behavior Are Represented by Different Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Sites: A Three-Dimensional Functional Topography Study in Conscious Rats","volume":"37","author":"Wanner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R150","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00769.2005","article-title":"The median preoptic nucleus is involved in the facilitation of heat-escape\/cold-seeking behavior during systemic salt loading in rats","volume":"292","author":"Konishi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4081","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.9.6964","article-title":"Hypothalamic Obesity: Multiple Routes Mediated by Loss of Function in Medial Cell Groups1","volume":"140","author":"Choi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1115524","article-title":"NPY\/AgRP Neurons Are Essential for Feeding in Adult Mice but Can Be Ablated in Neonates","volume":"310","author":"Luquet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/6\/1733\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:12:50Z","timestamp":1760163170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/6\/1733"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"references-count":158,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11061733"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11061733","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]}}}