{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T07:41:41Z","timestamp":1776066101781,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]],"date-time":"2021-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global beef production must increase in the next decades to meet the demands of a growing population, while promoting sustainable use of limited natural resources. Supplementing beef cattle with omega-6 fatty acids (FAs) is a nutritional approach shown to enhance production efficiency, with research conducted across different environments and sectors of the beef industry. Omega-6 FA from natural feed ingredients such as soybean oil are highly susceptible to ruminal biohydrogenation. Hence, our and other research groups have used soybean oil in the form of Ca soaps (CSSO) to lessen ruminal biohydrogenation, and maximize delivery of omega-6 FA to the duodenum for absorption. In cow\u2013calf systems, omega-6 FA supplementation to beef cows improved pregnancy success by promoting the establishment of early pregnancy. Cows receiving omega-6 FA during late gestation gave birth to calves that were healthier and more efficient in the feedlot, suggesting the potential role of omega-6 FA on developmental programming. Supplementing omega-6 FA to young cattle also elicited programming effects toward improved adipogenesis and carcass quality, and improved calf immunocompetence upon a stress stimulus. Cattle supplemented with omega-6 FA during growing or finishing periods also experienced improved performance and carcass quality. All these research results were generated using cattle of different genetic composition (Bos taurus and B. indicus influenced), and in different environments (tropical, subtropical, and temperate region). Hence, supplementing omega-6 FA via CSSO is a sustainable approach to enhance the production efficiency of beef industries across different areas of the world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T10:30:25Z","timestamp":1623666625000},"page":"1764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Omega-6 Fatty Acids: A Sustainable Alternative to Improve Beef Production Efficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bruno Ieda","family":"Cappellozza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutricorp, Araras 13601-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7497-3601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinaldo Fernandes","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2535-4748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelsey Margaret","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prairie Research Unit, Mississippi State University, Prairie, MS 39756, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, February 11). 2050 High-Level Experts Forum: The Forum. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/wsfs\/forum2050\/wsfs-forum\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8780","article-title":"FORAGES AND PASTURES SYMPOSIUM: Optimizing the use of fibrous residues in beef and dairy diets","volume":"93","author":"Watson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2000.00218812007700ES0012x","article-title":"Designing supplementation programs for beef cattle fed forage-based diets","volume":"77","author":"Kunkle","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2016). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E188","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0546","article-title":"A decade of developments in the area of fat supplementation research with beef cattle and sheep","volume":"86","author":"Hess","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-3278(93)90019-S","article-title":"Role of fatty acids in signal transduction: Modulators and messengers","volume":"48","author":"Sumida","year":"1993","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"E154","article-title":"Fat supplementation and reproduction in beef females","volume":"82","author":"Funston","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4120","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2684","article-title":"Effects of rumen-protected polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on performance and physiological responses of growing cattle after transportation and feedlot entry","volume":"88","author":"Araujo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3677","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3515","article-title":"Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on ruminal in situ forage degradability, performance, and physiological responses of feeder cattle","volume":"89","author":"Cooke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(90)78858-3","article-title":"Dissociation of calcium soaps of long-chain fatty acids in rumen fluid","volume":"73","author":"Sukhija","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.15232\/S1080-7446(15)31480-7","article-title":"Review: Cost of reproductive diseases and conditions in cattle","volume":"18","author":"Bellows","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prof. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reese, S.T., Franco, G.A., Poole, R.K., Hood, R., Fernandez Montero, L., Oliveira Filho, R.V., Cooke, R.F., and Pohler, K.G. (2020). Pregnancy loss in beef cattle: A meta-analysis. Anim. Repro. Sci., 106521.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2019.106251"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507832995","article-title":"Fatty acids and immune function: New insights into mechanisms","volume":"98","author":"Yaqoob","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E24","DOI":"10.2527\/2004.8213_supplE24x","article-title":"Preovulatory, postovulatory, and postmaternal recognition effects of concentrations of progesterone on embryonic survival in the cow","volume":"82","author":"Inskeep","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3935","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2201","article-title":"effects of rumen-protected polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on reproductive performance of Bos indicus beef cows","volume":"87","author":"Lopes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3116","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-3909","article-title":"Strategic supplementation of calcium salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids to enhance reproductive performance of Bos indicus beef cows","volume":"89","author":"Lopes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-2-49","article-title":"Conceptus Signals for establishment and maintenance of pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Spencer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-7422","article-title":"Effects of calcium salts of soybean oil on factors that influence pregnancy establishment in bos indicus beef cows","volume":"92","author":"Cooke","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"432","article-title":"Interferons as hormones of pregnancy","volume":"13","author":"Roberts","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4892","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016-0916","article-title":"Post\u2013Artificial insemination supplementation with calcium salts of soybean oil influences pregnancy establishment factors in Bos indicus beef cows","volume":"94","author":"Cipriano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6780","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11229","article-title":"Effect of manipulating progesterone before timed artificial insemination on reproductive and endocrine parameters in seasonal-calving, pasture-based Holstein-Friesian cows","volume":"99","author":"Fricke","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2010.05.010","article-title":"Measurement of interferon-tau (IFN-\u03c4) stimulated gene expression in blood leukocytes for pregnancy diagnosis within 18\u201320d after insemination in dairy cattle","volume":"121","author":"Green","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2007.12.004","article-title":"The opposing effects of n\u22123 and n\u22126 fatty acids","volume":"47","author":"Schmitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.089979","article-title":"Prostaglandins regulate conceptus elongation and mediate effects of interferon tau on the ovine uterine endometrium","volume":"84","author":"Dorniak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa015","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa015","article-title":"Board Invited Review\u2014Cattle adapted to tropical and subtropical environments (II): Genetic and reproductive considerations","volume":"98","author":"Cooke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky156","article-title":"Supplementing ca salts of soybean oil after artificial insemination increases pregnancy success in Bos taurus beef cows","volume":"96","author":"Cooke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665112000596","article-title":"Early nutrition programming of long-term health","volume":"71","author":"Koletzko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2011.592513","article-title":"Evidence for the intra-uterine programming of adiposity in later life","volume":"38","author":"Fall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E61","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2359","article-title":"Developmental programming: The concept, large animal models, and the key role of uteroplacental vascular development","volume":"88","author":"Reynolds","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357729800050323","article-title":"Nutritional effects on foetal growth","volume":"68","author":"Robinson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E205","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2351","article-title":"Effects of maternal nutrition on conceptus growth and offspring performance: Implications for beef cattle production","volume":"88","author":"Funston","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0039","article-title":"Child health, developmental plasticity, and epigenetic programming","volume":"32","author":"Hochberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)37127-3","article-title":"Site-specific regulation of gene expression by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in rat white adipose tissues","volume":"38","author":"Raclot","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.9.1752","article-title":"Perilla oil prevents the excessive growth of visceral adipose tissue in rats by down-regulating adipocyte differentiation","volume":"127","author":"Okuno","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"153","article-title":"Genotype and Diet Effects in Lean and Obese Zucker Rats Fed Either Safflower or Coconut Oil Diets","volume":"220","author":"Cleary","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M200346-JLR200","article-title":"Arachidonic acid and prostacyclin signaling promote adipose tissue development: A human health concern?","volume":"44","author":"Massiera","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Lipid. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.034561","article-title":"Effect of maternal nutrient restriction in sheep on the development of fetal skeletal muscle","volume":"71","author":"Zhu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.7150\/jgen.3930","article-title":"Developmental programming of fetal skeletal muscle and adipose tissue development","volume":"1","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Genomics."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E51","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2311","article-title":"Fetal programming of skeletal muscle development in ruminant animals","volume":"88","author":"Du","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"162","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy","volume":"1","author":"Greenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5347","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2017.1606","article-title":"Effects of supplementing calcium salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids to late-gestating beef cows on performance and physiological responses of the offspring","volume":"95","author":"Marques","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brand\u00e3o, A.P., Cooke, R.F., Schubach, K.M., Rett, B., Souza, O.A., Schachtschneider, C.L., Perry, G.A., Arispe, S.A., Jump, D.B., and Pohler, K.G. (2020). Supplementing Ca salts of soybean oil to late-gestating beef cows: Impacts on performance and physiological responses of the offspring. J. Anim. Sci., 98.","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa247"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5045","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7473","article-title":"Effect of supplementing essential fatty acids to pregnant nonlactating holstein cows and their preweaned calves on calf performance, immune response, and health","volume":"97","author":"Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30591-0","article-title":"The importance of colostrum to the health of the neonatal calf","volume":"10","author":"Besser","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(00)00076-0","article-title":"Regulation of PPAR\u03b3 but not obese gene expression by dietary fat supplementation","volume":"11","author":"Spurlock","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0739-7240(01)00117-5","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (ppar\u03b3) and its ligands: A review","volume":"22","author":"Houseknecht","year":"2002","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.7.992","article-title":"Identification of candidate genes related to bovine marbling using protein-protein interaction networks","volume":"7","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)33401-5","article-title":"Regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase by polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol","volume":"40","author":"Ntambi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Lipid. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.11.110","article-title":"Adipogenesis of bovine perimuscular preadipocytes","volume":"366","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Bioph. Res. Com."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2007.09.012","article-title":"Skeletal muscle satellite cells and adult myogenesis","volume":"19","author":"Rudnicki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.4.8.10258","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of myogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Perdiguero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epigenetics."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.02.004","article-title":"Effects on animal health and immune function","volume":"35","author":"Cooke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C475","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00088.2004","article-title":"The COX-2 pathway is essential during early stages of skeletal muscle regeneration","volume":"287","author":"Bondesen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2015.1026520","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 promotes proliferation of skeletal muscle myoblasts via ep4 receptor activation","volume":"14","author":"Mo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6675","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1705420114","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 Is essential for efficacious skeletal muscle stem-cell function, augmenting regeneration and strength","volume":"114","author":"Ho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1071\/EA02114","article-title":"How might marbling begin?","volume":"44","author":"Harper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aust. J. Exp. Agric."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2007.12.001","article-title":"Metabolic Programming in the immediate postnatal period","volume":"19","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Endorcrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1159\/000328040","article-title":"Metabolic Programming in the Immediate Postnatal Life","volume":"58","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9809","article-title":"The effect of supplementing rumen undegradable unsaturated fatty acids on marbling in early-weaned steers","volume":"94","author":"Mangrum","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tipton, J.E., Lewis, L.K., Ricks, R.E., Maresca, S., Lopez Valiente, S., and Long, N.M. (2020). The effects of age at weaning and length of lipid supplementation on growth, metabolites, and marbling of young steers. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101819"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.2.401S","article-title":"Programming by early nutrition: An experimental approach","volume":"128","author":"Lucas","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4182","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz272","article-title":"Supplementing calcium salts of soybean oil to beef steers early in life to enhance carcass development and quality","volume":"97","author":"Schubach","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-501","article-title":"Recent advances in management of highly stressed, newly received feedlot cattle","volume":"85","author":"Duff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15232\/pas.2016-01573","article-title":"Invited Paper: Nutritional and management considerations for beef cattle experiencing stress-induced inflammation","volume":"33","author":"Cooke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prof. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS19980042","article-title":"Modulation of immune function by dietary fatty acids","volume":"57","author":"Miles","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2006.03.010","article-title":"Backgrounding beef cattle","volume":"22","author":"Thomson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) (2000). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle Model, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txz190","article-title":"Effects of supplement amount, with or without calcium salts of fatty acids, on growth performance and intake behavior of grazing Bos indicus bulls","volume":"4","author":"Cappellozza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1986.622531x","article-title":"Body temperature in beef cattle: Its control and relevance to production in the tropics","volume":"62","author":"Finch","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txaa080","article-title":"Supplementation with calcium salts of cottonseed oil improves performance of Bos indicus animals consuming finishing diets","volume":"4","author":"Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nascimento, F.A., Silva, N.C., Prados, L.F., Pacheco, R.D.L., Johnson, B.J., Cappellozza, B.I., Resende, F.D., and Siqueira, G.R. (2020). Calcium salts of fatty acids with varying fatty acid profiles in diets of feedlot-finished bos indicus bulls: Impacts on intake, digestibility, performance, and carcass and meat characteristics. J. Anim. Sci., 98.","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa382"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5801","article-title":"Fatty acid biosynthesis and lipogenic enzyme activities in subcutaneous adipose tissue of feedlot steers fed supplementary palm oil or soybean oil","volume":"91","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/6\/1764\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:13:41Z","timestamp":1760163221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/6\/1764"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11061764"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11061764","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]}}}