{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T22:04:58Z","timestamp":1770156298277,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education programme as &quot;Regional Initiative Excellence&quot; 2019-2022","award":["005\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["005\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre of Poland","award":["2013\/09\/N\/NZ5\/01835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/09\/N\/NZ5\/01835"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and pyometra are the most frequently diagnosed uterine diseases affecting bitches of different ages. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-\u03b2) has been classified in females as a potential regulator of many endometrial changes during the estrous cycle or may be involved in pathological disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of TGF-\u03b21, -\u03b22 and -\u03b23 in the endometrium of bitches suffering from CEH or a CEH\u2013pyometra complex compared to clinically healthy females (control group; CG). A significantly increased level of TGF-\u03b21 mRNA expression was observed in the endometrium with CEH\u2013pyometra compared to CEH and CG. Protein production of TGF-\u03b21 was identified only in the endometrium of bitches with CEH\u2013pyometra. An increase in TGF-\u03b23 mRNA expression was observed in all the studied groups compared to CG. The expression of TGF-\u03b22 mRNA was significantly higher in CEH and lower in CEH\u2013pyometra uteri. The results indicate the presence of TGF-\u03b2 cytokines in canine endometrial tissues affected by proliferative and degenerative changes. However, among all TGF-\u03b2 isoforms, TGF-\u03b21 could potentially be a key factor involved in the regulation of the endometrium in bitches with CEH\u2013pyometra complex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T22:40:37Z","timestamp":1624315237000},"page":"1844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Expression of Transforming Growth Factor Beta Isoforms in Canine Endometrium with Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia\u2013Pyometra Complex"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4563-3798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Rybska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Science, Wo\u0142y\u0144ska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2993-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Wo\u017ana-Wysocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12\/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"W\u0105sowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Science, Wo\u0142y\u0144ska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Local Physiological Regulations, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4059-1362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Skrzypski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wo\u0142y\u0144ska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kubiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases and Diagnostics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wo\u0142y\u0144ska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"B\u0142aszak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tumour Pathology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5046-7416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"\u0141ukomska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Science, Wo\u0142y\u0144ska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wo\u0142y\u0144ska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u0119drzej M.","family":"Ja\u015bkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2004.00489.x","article-title":"Ultrasonography and cystic hyperplasia-pyometra complex in the bitch","volume":"39","author":"Bigliardi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reprod. 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