{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T13:32:15Z","timestamp":1791207135483,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the last decade\u2019s increase of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animals, animal-human transmission has become a major threat. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the genetic basis of AMR in Gram-negative bacteria recovered from sheep and goats with respiratory disease. Nasal and ocular swabs were collected from 69 diseased animals, and 76 Gram-negative bacterial isolates were identified from 59 animals. All isolates were checked phenotypically for resistance and genotypically for different resistance mechanisms, including \u03b2-lactam, quinolone, and aminoglycoside resistance. Our results demonstrated that 9.2% (95% CI 4.5\u201317.8%) of the isolates were multidrug-resistant, with high resistance rates to \u03b2-lactams and quinolones, and 11.8% (95% CI 6.4\u201321%) and 6.6% (95% CI 2.8\u201314.5%) of the isolates were phenotypically positive for AmpC and ESBL, respectively. Genotypically, blaTEM was the most identified \u03b2-lactamase encoding gene in 29% (95% CI 20\u201340%) of the isolates, followed by blaSHV (14.5%, 95% CI 8.3\u201324.1%) and blaCTX-M (4%, 95% CI 1.4\u201311%). Furthermore, 7.9% (95% CI 3.7\u201316.2%) of the isolates harbored plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene qnrS. Our study revealed for the first time to our knowledge high \u03b2-lactam and quinolone resistance associated with the bacteria recovered from sheep and one goat with respiratory disease. Furthermore, different antimicrobial resistant determinants were identified for the first time from animals in Africa, such as blaLEN-13\/55, blaTEM-176 and blaTEM-198\/214. This study highlights the potential role of sheep and goats in disseminating AMR determinants and\/or resistant bacteria to humans. The study regenerates interest for the development of a One Health approach to combat this formidable problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T12:59:24Z","timestamp":1627649964000},"page":"2258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["High \u03b2-Lactam and Quinolone Resistance of Enterobacteriaceae from the Respiratory Tract of Sheep and Goat with Respiratory Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9861-9693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazim O.","family":"Khalifa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita 286-8686, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Research, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atef","family":"Oreiby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amer Ali","family":"Abd El-Hafeez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology and Experimental Oncology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0651, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"Abd El Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Okanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita 286-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita 286-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wall, B.A., Mateus, A.L.P., Marshall, L., Pfeiffer, D.U., Lubroth, J., Ormel, H.J., Otto, P., and Patriarchi, A. 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