{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:17:26Z","timestamp":1790151446853,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005668","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0193.001792\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0193.001792\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003046","name":"Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecu\u00e1ria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1313110050000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1313110050000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Under conditions of high temperature, humidity, and incidence of solar radiation, dairy cows use behavioral changes as a strategy to decrease the metabolic heat production at pasture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavioral and physiological responses of Gyr and Girolando (5\/8 Holstein 3\/8 Gyr, and \u00bd Holstein \u00bd Gyr) dairy cows submitted to environments with and without shade. The experiment was conducted at Embrapa Cerrados (Technology Center for Dairy Zebu breeds\u2014CTZL), Brasilia, Distrito Federal\u2014Brazil, with 48 Gyr and Girolando cows total in the lactation group, with low to medium milk production, in full sun or shade with Eucalyptus urograndis (267 plants\/ha\u22121). The physiological and behavioral characteristics evaluated were panting score, superficial temperature, and time spent grazing, ruminating, and lying down. Other traits included skin and coat thickness, hair diameter, density and length, and predominant coat color. In addition, body measurements, such as body length, the height of withers, chest circumference, and shin circumference, were measured. Shaded cows had 34% longer rumination times than cows in full sun (p = 0.01). With a temperature-humidity index ranging from 79 to 83, the rumination time was 1.7 times higher in cows under shade (p = 0.01) during a 24-h period of observation. There were no significant differences in the grazing time between the environments, but lying time was 23% longer in cows under the sun (p = 0.01). The panting score was not influenced by the environment (p = 0.17). Girolando cows had a 35% higher panting score than Gyr cows (p = 0.01) regardless of the environment. The panting score increased two and a half times during the afternoon compared with the morning (p = 0.01). The surface and rectal core temperatures had significant differences between treatments and time of the day. Body measurements were not different between cows in both environments, but there was a difference between breeds. The use of trees in pastures with a silvopastoral system for dairy zebu cows is indicated to improve grazing behavior, as well as time spent ruminating and lying down.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T21:43:55Z","timestamp":1629063835000},"page":"2411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Shade Modifies Behavioral and Physiological Responses of Low to Medium Production Dairy Cows at Pasture in an Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1076-0121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natani S.","family":"Reis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Campus Gloria, Federal University of Uberlandia, BR-050, Km 78, Uberlandia 38410-337, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel C.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Cerrados, Br 020, Km 18, Planaltina 73310-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8283-8557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas A.","family":"Mazocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7341-5774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Clara B.","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel A. S.","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uni\u00e3o Pioneira de Integra\u00e7\u00e3o Social SEPS Q 712\/912 Conj A-Asa Sul, Bras\u00edlia 70390-125, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro M.","family":"da Fonseca Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Cerrados, Br 020, Km 18, Planaltina 73310-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juaci V.","family":"Malaquias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Cerrados, Br 020, Km 18, Planaltina 73310-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando A.","family":"Macena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Cerrados, Br 020, Km 18, Planaltina 73310-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur G.","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Cerrados, Br 020, Km 18, Planaltina 73310-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8551-0146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos F.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Cerrados, Br 020, Km 18, Planaltina 73310-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9890-5339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz C.","family":"Balbino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Cerrados, Br 020, Km 18, Planaltina 73310-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1106-8962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Concepta M.","family":"McManus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Departmant of Physiological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3869","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-020-02426-z","article-title":"Spatial dynamics of the Girolando breed in Brazil: Analysis of genetic integration and environmental factors","volume":"52","author":"Machado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. 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