{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T19:18:26Z","timestamp":1789067906609,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DPI2017-83259-R (AEI\/FEDER, UE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPI2017-83259-R (AEI\/FEDER, UE)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDI) with or without spacers are commonly used for the treatment of feline inflammatory airway disease. During traditional airways treatments, a substantial amount of drugs are wasted upstream of their target. To study the efficiency of commonly used devices in the transport of inhaled salbutamol, different computational models based on two healthy adult client-owned cats were developed. Computed tomographic images from one cat were used to generate a three-dimensional geometry, and two masks (spherical and conical shapes) and two spacers (10 and 20 cm) completed the models. A second cat was used to generate a second model having an endotracheal tube (ETT) with and without the same spacers. Airflow, droplet spray transport, and deposition were simulated and studied using computational fluid dynamics techniques. Four regions were evaluated: device, upper airways, primary bronchi, and downstream lower airways\/parenchyma (\u201clung\u201d). Regardless of the model, most salbutamol is deposited in devices and\/or upper airways. In general, particles reaching the lung varied between 5.8 and 25.8%. Compared with the first model, pMDI application through the ETT with or without a spacer had significantly higher percentages of particles reaching the lung (p = 0.006).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T10:54:35Z","timestamp":1629284075000},"page":"2431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Salbutamol Transport and Deposition in the Upper and Lower Airway with Different Devices in Cats: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2128-9141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rocio","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Parra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Catholic University of Valencia \u201cSan Vicente M\u00e1rtir\u201d, Carrer de Quevedo, 2, 46001 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"P\u00f4le Anesth\u00e9sie-R\u00e9animation-Urgence-Soins Intensifs, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort (CHUVA), \u00c9cole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 7 Avenue du G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascaline","family":"Pey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antech Imaging Services, 17620 Mt. Herrmann Street, Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Reinero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0116-2736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Malv\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus Arrosad\u00eda s\/n, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C\/Poeta Mariano Esquillor s\/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.00229501","article-title":"Airway Pathology in Asthma","volume":"18","author":"Saetta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. 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