{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T17:01:22Z","timestamp":1793898082580,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n de Centros de Enfermedades Tropicales \u2013 RICET, of the National Program I+D+I 2008-2011 and Fondos FEDER, ISCIII - Subdirecci\u00f3n General de Redes y Centros de Inves-tigaci\u00f3n Cooperativa, Ministry of Health and Consumption, Madrid, Spain","award":["RD16\/0027\/0023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0027\/0023"]}]},{"name":"PROMETEO Program, Programa of Ayudas para Grupos de Investigaci\u00f3n de Excelencia, Gene-ralitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spai","award":["2016\/099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/099"]}]},{"name":"Proyectos de Cooperaci\u00f3n al Desarrollo de la Universidad de Valencia de 2016, Valencia, Spain","award":["2017\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/01"]}]},{"name":"A.D.E. was supported by a Fellowship of the Programa de Ayudas de la Generalitat Valenciana y Fondo Social Europeo, 2019","award":["ACIF\/2019\/182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACIF\/2019\/182"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fascioliasis is a disease caused by Fasciola hepatica worldwide transmitted by lymnaeid snails mainly of the Galba\/Fossaria group and F. gigantica restricted to parts of Africa and Asia and transmitted by Radix lymnaeids. Concern has recently risen regarding the high pathogenicity and human infection capacity of F. gigantica. Abnormally big-sized fasciolids were found infecting sheep in Ecuador, the only South American country where F. gigantica has been reported. Their phenotypic comparison with F. hepatica infecting sheep from Peru, Bolivia and Spain, and F. gigantica from Egypt and Vietnam demonstrated the Ecuadorian fasciolids to have size-linked parameters of F. gigantica. Genotyping of these big-sized fasciolids by rDNA ITS-2 and ITS-1 and mtDNA cox1 and nad1 and their comparison with other countries proved the big-sized fasciolids to belong to F. hepatica. Neither heterozygotic ITS position differentiated the two species, and no introgressed fragments and heteroplasmic positions in mtDNA were found. The haplotype diversity indicates introductions mainly from other South American countries, Europe and North America. Big-sized fasciolids from Ecuador and USA are considered to be consequences of F.gigantica introductions by past livestock importations. The vector specificity filter due to Radix absence should act as driving force in the evolution in such lineages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:19:26Z","timestamp":1629937166000},"page":"2495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["DNA Multi-Marker Genotyping and CIAS Morphometric Phenotyping of Fasciola gigantica-Sized Flukes from Ecuador, with an Analysis of the Radix Absence in the New World and the Evolutionary Lymnaeid Snail Vector Filter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2347-7269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Dolores","family":"Bargues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s\/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1584-8330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Adela","family":"Valero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s\/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel A.","family":"Trueba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Microbiolog\u00eda, Edificio Eugenio Espejo, EE-125, Colegio de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Ambientales, Campus Cumbay\u00e1, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Av. Diego de Robles y V\u00eda Interoce\u00e1nica, Quito 170901, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Fornasini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Av. Jorge Fern\u00e1ndez s\/n y Av. Sim\u00f3n Bolivar, Quito 170411, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0058-271X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel F.","family":"Villavicencio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sede Santo Domingo de los Ts\u00e1chilas, V\u00eda Santo Domingo-Quevedo km 24, Santo Domingo de los Ts\u00e1chilas, P.O. Box 171-5-231B, Luz de Am\u00e9rica 230118, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1795-4068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Guam\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sede Santo Domingo de los Ts\u00e1chilas, V\u00eda Santo Domingo-Quevedo km 24, Santo Domingo de los Ts\u00e1chilas, P.O. Box 171-5-231B, Luz de Am\u00e9rica 230118, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6147-0300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandra","family":"De El\u00edas-Escribano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s\/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"P\u00e9rez-Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s\/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2815-1324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricio","family":"Artigas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s\/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1685-7004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Mas-Coma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s\/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2013). Sustaining the Drive to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals. A Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030, World Health Organization. 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