{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:32:38Z","timestamp":1787027558068,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,29]],"date-time":"2021-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003134","name":"Fonds pour la Formation \u00e0 la Recherche dans l\u2019Industrie et dans l\u2019Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC31671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC31671"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003134","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Contraception is increasingly used to control wild animal populations. However, as reproductive condition influences social interactions in primates, the absence of new offspring could influence the females\u2019 social integration. We studied two groups of wild macaques (Macaca fascicularis) including females recently sterilized in the Ubud Monkey Forest, Indonesia. We used social network analysis to examine female grooming and proximity networks and investigated the role of infant presence on social centrality and group connectivity, while controlling for the fertility status (sterilized N = 14, intact N = 34). We compared the ego networks of females experiencing different nursing conditions (young infant (YI) vs. old infant (OI) vs. non-nursing (NN) females). YI females were less central in the grooming network than other females while being more central in proximity networks, suggesting they could keep proximity within the group to protect their infant from hazards, while decreasing direct grooming interactions, involving potential risks such as kidnapping. The centrality of sterilized and intact females was similar, except for the proximity network where sterilized females had more partners and a better group connectivity. These results confirm the influence of nursing condition in female macaque social networks and did not show any negative short-term effects of sterilization on social integration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,29]],"date-time":"2021-08-29T21:45:16Z","timestamp":1630273516000},"page":"2538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effect of Infant Presence on Social Networks of Sterilized and Intact Wild Female Balinese Macaques (Macaca fascicularis)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6022-2663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwennan","family":"Giraud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit SPHERES, Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4020 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Physiology and Ethology, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67200 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2594-2064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain","family":"Hambuckers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit SPHERES, Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4020 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3076-5779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Deleuze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit FARAH, Equine and Companion Animal Reproduction Pathologies Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, Sart-Tilman, 4130 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Wandia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primate Division of Natural Resources and Environment Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar 80361, Bali, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Claude","family":"Huynen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit SPHERES, Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4020 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Poncin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit FOCUS, Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4020 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2780-3631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fany","family":"Brotcorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit SPHERES, Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Sciences, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4020 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2015.07.005","article-title":"Female mountain goats, Oreamnos americanus, associate according to kinship and reproductive status","volume":"108","author":"Godde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. 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