{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T14:48:30Z","timestamp":1784126910648,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,5]],"date-time":"2021-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004071","name":"Khon Kaen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(KKU-PMU-B) 63-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(KKU-PMU-B) 63-010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Suranaree University of Technology (SUT) and Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI)","award":["1169\/2560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1169\/2560"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Improving feed efficiency is an important breeding target for the poultry industry; to achieve this, it is necessary to understand the molecular basis of feed efficiency. We compared the jejunal transcriptomes of low- and high-feed conversion ratio (FCR) slow-growing Korat chickens (KRs). Using an original sample of 75 isolated 10-week-old KR males, we took jejunal samples from six individuals in two groups: those with extremely low FCR (n = 3; FCR = 1.93 \u00b1 0.05) and those with extremely high FCR (n = 3; FCR = 3.29 \u00b1 0.06). Jejunal transcriptome profiling via RNA sequencing revealed 56 genes that were differentially expressed (p &lt; 0.01, FC &gt; 2): 31 were upregulated, and 25 were downregulated, in the low-FCR group relative to the high-FCR group. Functional annotation revealed that these differentially expressed genes were enriched in biological processes related to immune response, glutathione metabolism, vitamin transport and metabolism, lipid metabolism, and neuronal and cardiac maturation, development, and growth, suggesting that these are important mechanisms governing jejunal feed conversion. These findings provide an important molecular basis for future breeding strategies to improve slow-growing chicken feed efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T10:59:12Z","timestamp":1630925952000},"page":"2606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Jejunal Transcriptomic Profiling for Differences in Feed Conversion Ratio in Slow-Growing Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7653-6619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panpradub","family":"Sinpru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3115-5139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cindy","family":"Riou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6143-4430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kubota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chotima","family":"Poompramun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2346-2980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wittawat","family":"Molee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amonrat","family":"Molee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horodyska, J., Wimmers, K., Reyer, H., Trakooljul, N., Mullen, A.M., Lawlor, P.G., and Hamill, R.M. (2018). RNA-seq of muscle from pigs divergent in feed efficiency and product quality identifies differences in immune response, growth, and macronutrient and connective tissue metabolism. BMC Genom., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-5175-y"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2008-00134","article-title":"Effects of grain and oilseed prices on the costs of US poultry production","volume":"18","author":"Donohue","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9686-42-25","article-title":"Genetic properties of feed efficiency parameters in meat-type chickens","volume":"42","author":"Aggrey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genet. Sel. Evol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03302","article-title":"Dissection of Koch\u2019s residual feed intake: Implications for selection","volume":"92","author":"Aggrey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.7.1080","article-title":"Components of feed efficiency in broiler breeding stock: Energetics, performance, carcass composition, metabolism, and body temperature","volume":"82","author":"Teeter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, C.E.F., Akter, Y., Hungerford, A., Thomson, P., Islam, M.R., Groves, P.J., and O\u2019Shea, C.J. (2019). The intake pattern and feed preference of layer hens selected for high or low feed conversion ratio. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222304"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey062","article-title":"Feed efficiency measures and their relationships with production and meat quality traits in slower growing broilers","volume":"97","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-018-0261-1","article-title":"Feed conversion ratio, residual feed intake and cholecystokinin type A receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with feed intake and average daily gain in a Chinese local chicken population","volume":"9","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1017\/S004393390700147X","article-title":"Overview of chicken taxonomy and domestication","volume":"63","author":"Abdullah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Worlds Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C2431","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.13418","article-title":"Chemical and cellular antioxidant activities of chicken breast muscle subjected to various thermal treatments followed by simulated gastrointestinal digestion","volume":"81","author":"Sangsawad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.10.027","article-title":"Meat quality and Raman spectroscopic characterization of Korat hybrid chicken obtained from various rearing periods","volume":"100","author":"Katemala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4327","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez262","article-title":"Effects of the MC4R, CAPN1, and ADSL genes on body weight and purine content in slow-growing chickens","volume":"98","author":"Kubota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/83.6.860","article-title":"Heritability of digestibilities and divergent selection for digestion ability","volume":"83","author":"Muley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Stevens, C.E. (2021, June 16). Digestive System. Available online: https:\/\/www.accessscience.com\/content\/digestive-system\/194600."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Molnar, C., and Gair, J. (2015). Digestive system. Concepts of Biology, BCcampus. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:19880905","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopy of intestinal villous structures and their putative relation to digestion and absorption in chickens","volume":"28","author":"Esmail","year":"1988","journal-title":"Reprod. Nutr. Dev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2011.09.020","article-title":"Extent and method of grinding of sorghum prior to inclusion in complete pelleted broiler chicken diets affects broiler gut development and performance","volume":"171","author":"Rodgers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang, M., Luo, W., Fu, B., Yu, X., Zhou, Y., and Tong, J. (2018). Transcriptomic profiles of brain provide insights into molecular mechanism of feed conversion efficiency in Crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030858"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, X., Liu, G., Liu, Y., Xu, Q., Zhang, M., and Fang, M. (2013). Transcriptome profile at different physiological stages reveals potential mode for curly fleece in Chinese tan sheep. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071763"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, X., Hou, Y., Yang, S., Xie, Y., Zhang, S., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Q., Lu, X., Liu, G.E., and Sun, D. (2014). Transcriptional profiling of mammary gland in Holstein cows with extremely different milk protein and fat percentage using RNA sequencing. BMC Genom., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-226"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, G., Yuan, J., Bi, H., Yan, W., Yang, N., and Qu, L. (2015). In-depth duodenal transcriptome survey in chickens with divergent feed efficiency using RNA-Seq. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136765"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12903","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31072-7","article-title":"Transcriptional shifts account for divergent resource allocation in feed efficient broiler chickens","volume":"8","author":"Reyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607719","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.607719","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis identifies candidate genes and signaling pathways associated with feed efficiency in Xiayan chicken","volume":"12","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., He, T., Xiong, F., Chen, X., Fan, X., Jin, S., and Geng, Z. (2020). Identification of key genes and pathways associated with feed efficiency of native chickens based on transcriptome data via bioinformatics analysis. BMC Genom., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-6713-y"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12361","article-title":"De novo transcriptome assembly and identification of genes associated with feed conversion ratio and breast muscle yield in domestic ducks","volume":"46","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juanchich, A., Hennequet-Antier, C., Cabau, C., Le Bihan-Duval, E., Duclos, M.J., Mignon-Grasteau, S., and Narcy, A. (2018). Functional genomics of the digestive tract in broilers. BMC Genom., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-5344-z"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, N., Lee, W.R., and Abasht, B. (2015). Messenger RNA sequencing and pathway analysis provide novel insights into the biological basis of chickens\u2019 feed efficiency. BMC Genom., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1364-0"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.11762","article-title":"Transcriptomic profiling of 3D glioblastoma tumoroids for the identification of mechanisms involved in anticancer drug resistance","volume":"34","author":"Chaicharoenaudomrung","year":"2020","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.14806\/ej.17.1.200","article-title":"Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads","volume":"17","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBnet. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R36","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2013-14-4-r36","article-title":"TopHat2: Accurate alignment of transcriptomes in the presence of insertions, deletions and gene fusions","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1621","article-title":"Transcript assembly and quantification by RNA-Seq reveals unannotated transcripts and isoform switching during cell differentiation","volume":"28","author":"Trapnell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.2-188.v1","article-title":"Thousands of exon skipping events differentiate among splicing patterns in sixteen human tissues","volume":"2","author":"Florea","year":"2013","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu638","article-title":"HTSeq\u2014A Python framework to work with high-throughput sequencing data","volume":"31","author":"Anders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3322","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b00354","article-title":"Analysis of the human adult urinary metabolome variations with age, body mass index, and gender by implementing a comprehensive workflow for univariate and OPLS statistical analyses","volume":"14","author":"Thevenot","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Blighe, K., Rana, S., and Lewis, M. (2021, June 16). EnhancedVolcano: Publication-Ready Volcano Plots with Enhanced Colouring and Labeling. R Package Version 1.10.0. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/kevinblighe\/EnhancedVolcano."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Kolde, R. (2021, June 16). Pheatmap: Pretty Heatmaps. R Package Version 1.0.12. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=pheatmap."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13040-019-0204-1","article-title":"ViSEAGO: A Bioconductor package for clustering biological functions using Gene Ontology and semantic similarity","volume":"12","author":"Brionne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioData Min."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660600753664","article-title":"Genetic relationships between feed conversion ratio, growth curve and body composition in slow-growing chickens","volume":"47","author":"Sellier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18847","article-title":"The microbiome and innate immunity","volume":"535","author":"Thaiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12192","article-title":"Macrophages in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation","volume":"260","author":"Bain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1021","article-title":"The extracellular matrix protein mindin is a pattern-recognition molecule for microbial pathogens","volume":"5","author":"He","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12440","article-title":"Differential gene expression in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum among crossbred beef steers with divergent gain and feed intake phenotypes","volume":"47","author":"Butler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600502","article-title":"Stromelysin-2 (MMP10) moderates inflammation by controlling macrophage activation","volume":"197","author":"McMahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Khan, W.A. (2019). Cytokines and Interferons: Types and Functions. Autoantibodies and Cytokines, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-019-0208-2","article-title":"T lymphocytes in the intestinal mucosa: Defense and tolerance","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5668","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6495","article-title":"Dietary plant extracts improve immune responses and growth efficiency of pigs experimentally infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"91","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.07.024","article-title":"A novel Lactobacillus plantarum strain P-8 activates beneficial immune response of broiler chickens","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20105","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.655340","article-title":"Lysosomal-associated transmembrane protein 4B (LAPTM4B) decreases transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) production in human regulatory T Cells","volume":"290","author":"Huygens","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200701-020AW","article-title":"Regulatory T cells, transforming growth factor-beta, and immune suppression","volume":"4","author":"Wan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2005.02235.x","article-title":"Ligation of CD8\u03b1 on human natural killer cells prevents activation-induced apoptosis and enhances cytolytic activity","volume":"116","author":"Addison","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibbings, D.J., Marcet-Palacios, M., Sekar, Y., Ng, M.C., and Befus, A.D. (2007). CD8\u03b1 is expressed by human monocytes and enhances Fc gamma R-dependent responses. BMC Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-8-12"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200323382","article-title":"The CD4-related molecule, LAG-3 (CD223), regulates the expansion of activated T cells","volume":"33","author":"Workman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.11.010","article-title":"Fibrinogen-like protein 1 is a major immune inhibitory ligand of LAG-3","volume":"176","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100466","article-title":"PD-1 and LAG-3 inhibitory co-receptors act synergistically to prevent autoimmunity in mice","volume":"208","author":"Okazaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(97)00134-7","article-title":"Immune responses in pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)","volume":"61","author":"Albina","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06000-y","article-title":"LY6E mediates an evolutionarily conserved enhancement of virus infection by targeting a late entry step","volume":"9","author":"Mar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250762","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/250762","article-title":"Apoptosis, necrosis, and necroptosis in the gut and intestinal homeostasis","volume":"2015","author":"Negroni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(03)00508-0","article-title":"Plac8 and Plac9, novel placental-enriched genes identified through microarray analysis","volume":"309","author":"Stagg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7524","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208897","article-title":"Onzin, a c-Myc-repressed target, promotes survival and transformation by modulating the Akt-Mdm2-p53 pathway","volume":"24","author":"Rogulski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2019.11.005","article-title":"Gut butyrate-producing organisms correlate to Placenta Specific 8 protein: Importance to colorectal cancer progression","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.11.031","article-title":"Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein mediates necrosis signaling downstream of RIP3 kinase","volume":"148","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.11.030","article-title":"The mitochondrial phosphatase PGAM5 functions at the convergence point of multiple necrotic death pathways","volume":"148","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5322","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200012109","article-title":"Mixed lineage kinase domain-like is a key receptor interacting protein 3 downstream component of TNF-induced necrosis","volume":"109","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2883","article-title":"Plasma membrane translocation of trimerized MLKL protein is required for TNF-induced necroptosis","volume":"16","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201810014","article-title":"Necroptosis mediators RIPK3 and MLKL suppress intracellular Listeria replication independently of host cell killing","volume":"218","author":"Sai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/84.6.933","article-title":"Compromised liver mitochondrial function and complex activity in low feed efficient broilers are associated with higher oxidative stress and differential protein expression","volume":"84","author":"Iqbal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.2011.02182.x","article-title":"Global gene expression profiling reveals genes expressed differentially in cattle with high and low residual feed intake","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00060","article-title":"Oxidative stress in the poultry gut: Potential challenges and interventions","volume":"6","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33418","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.057877","article-title":"A human vitamin B12 trafficking protein uses glutathione transferase activity for processing alkylcobalamins","volume":"284","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Rifai, N., Horvath, A.R., Wittwer, C.T., and Park, J. (2018). Amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Principles and Applications of Molecular Diagnostics, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15878","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.635144","article-title":"Human CHAC1 protein degrades glutathione, and mRNA induction is regulated by the transcription factors ATF4 and ATF3 and a bipartite ATF\/CRE regulatory element","volume":"290","author":"Crawford","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2012.156","article-title":"Mammalian proapoptotic factor ChaC1 and its homologues function as gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferases acting specifically on glutathione","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7136","article-title":"Glutathione degradation","volume":"27","author":"Bachhawat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bar Shira, E., and Friedman, A. (2018). Innate immune functions of avian intestinal epithelial cells: Response to bacterial stimuli and localization of responding cells in the developing avian digestive tract. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200393"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00248","article-title":"The role of the gastrointestinal mucus system in intestinal homeostasis: Implications for neurological disorders","volume":"10","author":"Herath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072200","article-title":"Gene identification for the cblD defect of vitamin B12 metabolism","volume":"358","author":"Coelho","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15078","DOI":"10.1021\/ja904670x","article-title":"Vitamin B12 and redox homeostasis: Cob(II)alamin reacts with superoxide at rates approaching superoxide dismutase (SOD)","volume":"131","author":"Yun","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-072610-145127","article-title":"Cytochrome P450s in the regulation of cellular retinoic acid metabolism","volume":"31","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13804","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112039200","article-title":"Distinct retinoid metabolic functions for alcohol dehydrogenase genes Adh1 and Adh4 in protection against vitamin A toxicity or deficiency revealed in double null mutant mice","volume":"277","author":"Molotkov","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760100300331","article-title":"Retinol supplementation induces oxidative stress and modulates antioxidant enzyme activities in rat sertoli cells","volume":"34","author":"Klamt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Liu, Y., Qi, G., Brand, D., and Zheng, S.G. (2018). Role of vitamin A in the immune system. J. Clin. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7090258"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.08.008","article-title":"Plac8 is an inducer of C\/EBPbeta required for brown fat differentiation, thermoregulation, and control of body weight","volume":"14","author":"Berney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2011.09.016","article-title":"Evolutionary diversification of the avian fatty acid-binding proteins","volume":"490","author":"Hughes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-7364-5-3-170","article-title":"The human fatty acid-binding protein family: Evolutionary divergences and functions","volume":"5","author":"Smathers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Genom."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32679","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R110.135210","article-title":"Tissue-specific functions in the fatty acid-binding protein family","volume":"285","author":"Storch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M005611","article-title":"A novel multiprotein complex is required to generate the prechylomicron transport vesicle from intestinal ER","volume":"51","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lipid. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2020.1735978","article-title":"Genetic analysis of residual feed intake, feed conversion ratio and related growth parameters in broiler chicken: A review","volume":"76","author":"Prakash","year":"2020","journal-title":"Worlds Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murakami, M., Sato, H., and Taketomi, Y. (2020). Updating phospholipase A2 biology. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10101457"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"e14662","article-title":"The phospholipase A2 family\u2019s role in metabolic diseases: Focus on skeletal muscle","volume":"9","author":"Gabriel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13127","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13127","article-title":"Monocytes present age-related changes in phospholipid concentration and decreased energy metabolism","volume":"19","author":"Saare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019577108","article-title":"The cell-adhesion G protein-coupled receptor BAI3 is a high-affinity receptor for C1q-like proteins","volume":"108","author":"Bolliger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.10.7.816","article-title":"The cdk5\/p35 kinase is essential for neurite outgrowth during neuronal differentiation","volume":"10","author":"Nikolic","year":"1996","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26357","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.446138","article-title":"Myocilin mediates myelination in the peripheral nervous system through ErbB2\/3 signaling","volume":"288","author":"Kwon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31818535e8","article-title":"A bird\u2019s eye view of enteric nervous system development: Lessons from the avian embryo","volume":"64","author":"Goldstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0897-4_3","article-title":"The enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal innervation: Integrated local and central control","volume":"817","author":"Furness","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transcriptomic profiling of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in the pig colon: Regional heterogeneity and implication in physiological functions","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-010-0129-9","article-title":"Enteric nervous system in the small intestine: Pathophysiology and clinical implications","volume":"12","author":"Nezami","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014289232039","article-title":"L-pyroglutamic acid inhibits energy production and lipid synthesis in cerebral cortex of young rats in vitro","volume":"26","author":"Silva","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(84)90096-0","article-title":"L-pyroglutamate: An alternate neurotoxin for a rodent model of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Rieke","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-010-9190-1","article-title":"Acute administration of 5-oxoproline induces oxidative damage to lipids and proteins and impairs antioxidant defenses in cerebral cortex and cerebellum of young rats","volume":"25","author":"Pederzolli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(84)90197-3","article-title":"Neurotoxic effects of endogenous materials: Quinolinic acid, l-pyroglutamic acid, and thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)","volume":"86","author":"McGeer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"85","article-title":"Investigations on the binding properties of the nootropic agent pyroglutamic acid","volume":"16","author":"Barone","year":"1990","journal-title":"Drugs Exp. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1973.tb06037.x","article-title":"Amino acids as central nervous transmitters: The influence of ions, amino acid analogues, and ontogeny on transport systems for L-glutamic and L-aspartic acids and glycine into central nervous synaptosomes of the rat","volume":"21","author":"Bennett","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6591","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.14.6591","article-title":"Chronic inhibition of glutamate uptake produces a model of slow neurotoxicity","volume":"90","author":"Rothstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-420117-0.00002-5","article-title":"Emerging regulatory paradigms in glutathione metabolism","volume":"122","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-018-2634-3","article-title":"L-Glutamate nutrition and metabolism in swine","volume":"50","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2012.02.011","article-title":"Botch promotes neurogenesis by antagonizing Notch","volume":"22","author":"Chi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.15.3215","article-title":"MesP1 and MesP2 are essential for the development of cardiac mesoderm","volume":"127","author":"Kitajima","year":"2000","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez-Barroso, M.A., Caraballo, C., Silio, L., Rodriguez, C., Nunez, Y., Sanchez-Esquiliche, F., Matos, G., Garcia-Casco, J.M., and Munoz, M. (2020). Differences in the loin tenderness of Iberian Pigs explained through dissimilarities in their transcriptome expression profile. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091715"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, B., Chen, L., Sa, R., Zhong, R., Xing, H., and Zhang, H. (2016). High concentrations of atmospheric ammonia induce alterations of gene expression in the breast muscle of broilers (Gallus gallus) based on RNA-Seq. BMC Genom., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-2961-2"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-019-0096-3","article-title":"Host transcriptome and microbiome interaction modulates physiology of full-sibs broilers with divergent feed conversion ratio","volume":"5","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"npj Biofilms"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/9\/2606\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:56:51Z","timestamp":1760165811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/9\/2606"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,5]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11092606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11092606","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,5]]}}}