{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T19:12:19Z","timestamp":1784747539420,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006013","name":"United Arab Emirates University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31F136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31F136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an important infectious viral disease of domestic small ruminants that threatens the food security and sustainable livelihood of farmers across Middle East, Africa, and Asia. The objective of this research is to analyze the disease\u2019s spread and its impacts on direct government costs through conducting three simulations of different control strategies to reduce and quickly eradicate PPR from the United Arab Emirates in the near future. A Modified Animal Disease Spread Model was developed in this study to suit the conditions of the United Arab Emirates. The initial scenario represents when mass vaccination is ceased, and moderate movement restrictions are applied. The second scenario is based on mass vaccination and stamping out the disease, whereas the third simulation scenario assumes mass and ring vaccination when needed, very strict movement control, and stamping out. This study found that the third scenario is the most effective in controlling and eradicating PPR from the UAE. The outbreak duration in days was reduced by 57% and the number of infected animals by 77% when compared to the other scenarios. These results are valuable to the country\u2019s animal health decision-makers and the government\u2019s efforts to report to the World Animal Health Organization (OIE) regarding the progress made towards declaration of the disease\u2019s eradication. They are also useful to other concerned entities in other Middle Eastern, North African, and Asian countries where the disease is spreading.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T12:20:37Z","timestamp":1631190037000},"page":"2649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Epidemiology and Cost of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Eradication in Small Ruminants in the United Arab Emirates\u2014Disease Spread and Control Strategies Simulations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4818-7041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eihab M.","family":"Fathelrahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Reeves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Northern Faculty, Scotland\u2019s Rural College (SRUC), Inverness EH9 3JG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meera S.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Animals Health Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0972-5097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yassir M. Eltahir","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Animals Health Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adil I.","family":"El Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oum-Keltoum","family":"Bensalah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Animals Health Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8506-6364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afra A.","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809991592","article-title":"Peste des petits ruminants in Arabian wildlife","volume":"138","author":"Kinne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.3390\/v6062287","article-title":"Peste des petits ruminants virus infection of small ruminants: A comprehensive review","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) (2015). 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Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2005.tb11589.x","article-title":"Modelling the spread of foot--and--mouth disease in Australia","volume":"83","author":"Garner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.05.019","article-title":"The North American Animal Disease Spread Model: A simulation model to assist decision making in evaluating animal disease incursions","volume":"82","author":"Harvey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"The Center for Food Security and Public Health (2021, June 12). Fact Sheets on Peste des Petit Ruminants. Available online: https:\/\/www.cfsph.iastate.edu\/Factsheets\/pdfs\/peste_des_petits_ruminants.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, B., Liang, R., Zhou, G., Zhang, Q., Su, Q., Qu, X., and Chen, Q. (2020). 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Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/eufmd\/meetings-and-events\/detail\/ar\/c\/1177008."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/9\/2649\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:59:45Z","timestamp":1760165985000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/9\/2649"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11092649"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11092649","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]}}}