{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:50:49Z","timestamp":1787871049479,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006360","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AiF 20221N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AiF 20221N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To reduce the risk of boar taint, intact male piglets are immuno- or surgically castrated. One alternative is reducing skatole by adding skatole reducing or adsorbing substances to the boars\u2019 diet. Charcoal with a high capacity for adsorbing skatole and indole in vitro (tested before, data not shown) was fed to the boars to test the hypothesis that a fat coating prevents the unspecific adsorption of charcoal before entry into the large intestine while increasing skatole adsorption. Twelve male and six female weaning piglets with initial body weights of 7.74 \u00b1 0.75 kg were fed for 18 (or 19) days with either 2% pure (untreated) charcoal or 4% coated (50% charcoal + 50% fat-coating) charcoal or no charcoal. After euthanasia, skatole and indole were quantified in caecum and colon chyme. Skatole and indole contents in caecum chyme were significantly lower (p &lt; 0.05) in the group fed with coated charcoal (33 \u00b1 4.2, 7 \u00b1 2.8 \u00b5g\/gDM, respectively) than in the group fed with pure charcoal (51 \u00b1 7.3, 14 \u00b1 3.0 \u00b5g\/gDM) or with no charcoal (73 \u00b1 12.6, 15 \u00b1 1.7 \u00b5g\/gDM). Similar effects were obvious for colon chyme. The results indicate that a fat coating of charcoal might prevent unspecific adsorption in the small intestine and might consequently lead to a higher adsorption capacity for skatole and indole in the large intestine, as skatole and indole concentrations in the chyme of caecum and colon were approximately 50% lower in the piglets who received coated charcoal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T21:23:29Z","timestamp":1631913809000},"page":"2720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Preliminary Test of the Reduction Capacity for the Intestinal Adsorption of Skatole and Indole in Weaning Piglets by Pure and Coated Charcoal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4301-028X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franziska","family":"Witte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Institute of Food Technologies\u2014DIL e.V., 49610 Quakenbr\u00fcck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Pajic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Institute of Food Technologies\u2014DIL e.V., 49610 Quakenbr\u00fcck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Menger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1611-2264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Tomasevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6219-9869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana Carina","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, 30173 Hanover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1497-5709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Visscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, 30173 Hanover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0668-0644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nino","family":"Terjung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Institute of Food Technologies\u2014DIL e.V., 49610 Quakenbr\u00fcck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731109990693","article-title":"Pig meat quality from entire males","volume":"3","author":"Matthews","year":"2009","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2011.03.032","article-title":"Easily fermentable carbohydrates reduce skatole formation in the distal intestine of entire male pigs","volume":"140","author":"Kjos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0309-1740(94)90118-X","article-title":"Physiological aspects of androstenone and skatole formation in the boar\u2014A review with experimental data","volume":"38","author":"Claus","year":"1994","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0309-1740(89)90048-X","article-title":"Evaluation of the contribution of skatole, indole, androstenone and androstenols to boar-taint in back fat of pigs by HPLC and capillary gas chromatography (CGC)","volume":"25","author":"Diaz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(01)00189-0","article-title":"Review of microbiological and biochemical effects of skatole on animal production","volume":"71","author":"Deslandes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2797(02)00015-7","article-title":"Cytochrome P450IIE1 (CYP2E1) is induced by skatole and this induction is blocked by androstenone in isolated pig hepatocytes","volume":"140","author":"Doran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2010.12.001","article-title":"Effects of dietary components including garlic on concentrations of skatole and indole in subcutaneous fat of female pigs","volume":"88","author":"Leong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Bonneau, M. (1993). Absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and liver turnover of skatole. Measurement and Prevention of Boar Taint in Entire Male Pigs, INRA."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Bonneau, M. (1993). In vitro measurement of microbial production of skatole in the digestive tract of pigs. Measurement and Prevention of Boar Taint in Entire Male Pigs, INRA."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Hansen-M\u00f8ller, J. (1998). Analytical methods for determination of boar taint compounds. Skatole Boar Taint, 21\u201340."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.811239x","article-title":"Effects of butyrate on apoptosis in the pig colon and its consequences for skatole formation and tissue accumulation","volume":"81","author":"Claus","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livprodsci.2004.10.007","article-title":"Effect of live weight and dietary supplement of raw potato starch on the levels of skatole, androstenone, testosterone and oestrone sulphate in entire male pigs","volume":"93","author":"Zamaratskaia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1079\/ASC200648","article-title":"Influence of chicory roots (Cichorium intybus L.) on boar taint in entire male and female pigs","volume":"82","author":"Hansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357729800052590","article-title":"Effect of non-starch polysaccharides on production and absorption of indolic compounds in entire male pigs","volume":"74","author":"Knarreborg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2003.12.010","article-title":"Relationships between skatole and androstenone accumulation, and cytochrome P4502E1 expression in Meishan\u00d7 Large White pigs","volume":"67","author":"Whittington","year":"2004","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(98)00190-0","article-title":"Effect of fibre-rich diets on the backfat skatole content of entire male pigs","volume":"56","author":"Warnants","year":"1998","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"65","article-title":"Boar taint-influences of genetics, feeding and housing","volume":"40","author":"Sander","year":"2012","journal-title":"\u00dcbers. Tierern\u00e4hr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731111000838","article-title":"Efficacy of non-nutritive sorbent materials as intestinal-binding agents for the control of boar taint","volume":"5","author":"Jen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"EU Commission, E. (2013). VERORDNUNG (EU) Nr. 68\/2013 Der Kommission Vom 16. Januar 2013 Zum Katalog Der Einzelfuttermittel (Text Von Bedeutung F\u00fcr Den EWR), EU Commission."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7373","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7373","article-title":"The use of biochar in animal feeding","volume":"7","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2009.80355","article-title":"Effect of Wood Vinegar on the Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Intestinal Microflora in Weanling Pigs","volume":"22","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Witte, F., Menger, F., Schubert, D., Heinz, V., Visscher, C., and Terjung, N. (2019, January 4\u20139). Reduction of Skatole and Indole in Fat, Liver and Lean Meat by a Feeding Approach with Charcoal. Proceedings of the 65th ICoMST\u2014International Congress of Meat Science and Technologies, Potsdam, Germany."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2021.633958","article-title":"Effect of two different biochars as a component of compound feed on nutrient digestibility and performance parameters in growing pigs","volume":"2","author":"Schubert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2005-633","article-title":"Characterizing developmental changes in plasma and tissue skatole concentrations in the prepubescent intact male pig","volume":"84","author":"Lanthier","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrungsphysiologie (2006). Empfehlungen Zur Energie- Und N\u00e4hrstoffversorgung Von Schweinen, DLG Verlag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibis, M., Dehnhard, M., and Fischer, A. (1991). Einfluss der Substanzen Indol und Skatol auf die Schweinefleischqualit\u00e4t. Z. Lebensm.-Forsch., 220\u2013223.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01199969"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Naumann, C., and Bassler, R. (2012). Methoden der landwirtschaftlichen Forschungs-und Untersuchungsanstalt, Biochemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln. Methodenbuch III (Einschlie\u00dflich Der Achten Erg\u00e4nzungen), VDLUFA."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731111000802","article-title":"In vitro assessment of the effectiveness of non-nutritive sorbent materials as binding agents for boar taint compounds","volume":"5","author":"Jen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2020.1721980","article-title":"Use of biochar as feed supplements for animal farming","volume":"51","author":"Man","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2006.07.009","article-title":"Skatole metabolism in the intact pre-pubescent male pig: The relationship between hepatic enzyme activity and skatole concentrations in plasma and fat","volume":"106","author":"Lanthier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2010.06.120","article-title":"Feeding chicory inulin to entire male pigs during the last period before slaughter reduces skatole in digesta and backfat","volume":"134","author":"Kjos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2009.02.001","article-title":"Absence of an effect of dietary fibre or clinoptilolite on boar taint in entire male pigs fed practical diets","volume":"82","author":"Millet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Baltic, M., Raicevic, S., Tadic, I., and Drljacic, A. (1997). Influence of zeolite on skatole content of swine fat tissue. Boar Taint in Entire Male Pigs, Proceedings of the Meeting of the EAAP Working Group Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire Male Pigs, Stockholm, Sweden, 1\u20133 October 1997, Wageningen Pers."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/9\/2720\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:01:21Z","timestamp":1760166081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/9\/2720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11092720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11092720","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]}}}