{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:40:09Z","timestamp":1790948409197,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,19]],"date-time":"2021-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministery of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["AGL2015-65572-C2-1-R and RTI2018-094404-B-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2015-65572-C2-1-R and RTI2018-094404-B-C21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a maternal feed restriction (MFR; 105 g\/d) in primiparous rabbit does was applied from day 0 to 7 post artificial insemination (AI) (R07, n = 96), from day 7 to 21 post AI (R721, n = 92), from day 0 to 21 post AI (R021, n = 94) or fed ad libitum during whole pregnancy (Control, n= 92). Feed intake (FI) was measured after MFR was over. On day 28 of gestation, fetoplacental development was evaluated (n = 11\/group) and the productive parameters of the remaining dams were analyzed. Plasma free tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine, glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and corticosterone were analyzed during gestation and lactation (n = 5\/group). After MFR, all groups significantly increased their voluntary FI. The longer MFR was, the lower the weight and length of the fetuses, but no long-term effects over litter performance were observed. R021 groups had the lowest T3 and the highest NEFA concentrations during pregnancy and showed insulin resistance at the end of gestation, but during lactation, energy homeostasis was balanced in all groups. MFR did not affect corticosterone concentrations. In conclusion, the ration setting applied slightly involved the energy homeostasis and metabolism of the animals, but their overall metabolic condition, productive performance and welfare were not compromised.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T07:52:14Z","timestamp":1632124334000},"page":"2736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Influence of Different Regimes of Moderate Maternal Feed Restriction during Pregnancy of Primiparous Rabbit Does on Long-Term Metabolic Energy Homeostasis, Productive Performance and Welfare"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9226-1579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlota","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Pacheco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8932-8851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Mill\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrarian Production, ETSIAAB, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2319-3485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora","family":"Formoso-Rafferty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrarian Production, ETSIAAB, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3724-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro L.","family":"Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7907-7454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Arias-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3393-8906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa M.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4418-0157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar G.","family":"Rebollar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrarian Production, ETSIAAB, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.4995\/wrs.2014.1747","article-title":"Economic weights in rabbit meat production","volume":"22","author":"Cartuche","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Rabbit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"61","article-title":"Preparation of the rabbit doe to insemination: A review","volume":"15","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Rabbit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Fortun-Lamothe, L., Rochambeau, H., Lebas, F., and Tudela, F. (2000, January 4\u20137). Influence of the number of suckling young on reproductive per-formance in intensively rabbit does. Proceedings of the 7th World Rabbit Congress, Valencia, Spain."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.04.017","article-title":"Influence of metabolic status on oocyte quality and follicular characteristics at different post-partum periods in primiparous rabbit does","volume":"72","author":"Rebollar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"6","article-title":"M\u00e9todos de sincronizaci\u00f3n de celo en conejas primiparas lactantes a 25 d\u00edas post-parto","volume":"6","author":"Sakr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Complut. Cienc. Vet."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19860100","article-title":"Energy and nitrogen metabolism of rabbits during pregnancy, lactation, and concurrent pregnancy and lactation","volume":"56","author":"Partridge","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(80)83111-0","article-title":"Partitioning of Nutrients During Pregnancy and Lactation: A Review of Mechanisms Involving Homeostasis and Homeorhesis","volume":"63","author":"Bauman","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.2527\/2001.7981973x","article-title":"The effect of litter size before weaning on subsequent body development, feed intake, and reproductive performance of young rabbit does","volume":"79","author":"Rommers","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Tello, J., Arias-\u00c1lvarez, M., Jimenez-Martinez, M.A., Garcia-Garcia, R.M., Rodriguez, M., Gonzalez, P.L.L., Bermejo-Poza, R., Gonzalez-Bulnes, A., and Rebollar, P.G. (2017). Competition for Materno-Fetal Resource Partitioning in a Rabbit Model of Undernourished Pregnancy. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169194"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859600069859","article-title":"The effects of energy intake during pregnancy in doe rabbits on pup birth weight, milk output and maternal body composition change in the ensuing lactation","volume":"107","author":"Partridge","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1239","article-title":"The effects of sildenafil citrate and haemodynamics in a rabbit model of intaruterine growth restriction","volume":"29","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839737","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/839737","article-title":"Effect of feed restriction during pregnancy on performance and productivity of New Zealand white rabbit does","volume":"2011","author":"Nafeaa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2010.03.010","article-title":"Feed restriction of pregnant nulliparous rabbit does: Consequences on reproductive per-formance and maternal behaviour","volume":"120","author":"Manal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Garcia, R., Arias-Alvarez, M., Millan, P., Francisco, M.R., Rodriguez, A.S., Lorenzo, P., and Rebollar, P. (2021). Gestation Food Restriction and Refeeding Compensate Maternal Energy Status and Alleviate Metabolic Consequences in Juvenile Offspring in a Rabbit Model. Nutrition, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020310"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda, R.M., Arias-\u00c1lvarez, M., Rodr\u00edguez, M., S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez, A., Formoso-Rafferty, N., Lorenzo, P.L., and Rebollar, P.G. (2021). Effects of feed restriction during pregnancy on maternal reproductive outcome, foetal hepatic IGF gene expression and offspring performance in the rabbit. Animal, in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2021.100382"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2013","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Metabolism","volume":"94","author":"Mullur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Nakrani, M.N., Wineland, R.H., and Anjum, F. (2021). Physiology, Glucose Metabolism. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing. StatPearls [Internet]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2337\/diaspect.17.3.183","article-title":"Glucose Metabolism and Regulation: Beyond Insulin and Glucagon","volume":"17","author":"Aronoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/122.suppl_3.832","article-title":"Metabolism of Long Chain Fatty Acids by Ruminant Liver","volume":"122","author":"Emery","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Brecchia, G., Menchetti, L., Cardinali, R., Polisca, A., Troisi, A., Maranesi, M., and Boiti, C. (2012, January 3\u20136). Effects of fasting during pregnancy in rabbit does. Proceedings of the 10th World Rabbit Congress, Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster, J. (2016). Animal Welfare: Freedoms, Dominions and \u201cA Life Worth Living\u201d. Animals, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani6060035"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Woodman, D. (1997). Reproductive Hormones In: Laboratory Animal Endocrinology, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2010.00753.x","article-title":"Impaired glucose tolerance plus hyperlip-idaemia induced by diet promotes retina microaneurysms in New Zealand rabbits","volume":"92","author":"Helfenstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001320208","article-title":"Penetration of the uterine epithelium during implantation in the rabbit","volume":"132","author":"Enders","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2007.05.008","article-title":"Effects of intrauterine crowding on available uterine space per fetus in rabbits","volume":"114","author":"Argente","year":"2008","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2001145","article-title":"Fetal programming and adult health","volume":"4","author":"Godfrey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.31.169","article-title":"Effects of Stage and Degree of Restricted Feeding on Pregnancy Outcome in Rabbits","volume":"31","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2003.09.001","article-title":"The effect of level of feeding in early gestation on reproductive success in young rabbit does","volume":"81","author":"Rommers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20058","article-title":"Effects of feed restriction during organogenesis on embryo-fetal development in rabbit","volume":"74","author":"Cappon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. Part B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(86)90157-0","article-title":"Association between adverse maternal and embryo-fetal effects in norfloxacin-treated and food-deprived rabbits","volume":"7","author":"Clark","year":"1986","journal-title":"Fundam. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Thorburn, G.D., and Harding, R. (1994). Fetal Growth and Growth Retardation. Textbook of Fetal Physiology, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.11.017","article-title":"Food restriction during pregnancy in rabbits: Effects on hormones and metabolites involved in energy homeostasis and metabolic programming","volume":"98","author":"Menchetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Vet.-Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2005.09.006","article-title":"Hormonal and metabolic adaptation to fasting: Effects on the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013ovarian axis and reproductive performance of rabbit does","volume":"31","author":"Brecchia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0739-7240(00)00072-2","article-title":"Mechanisms of reduced and compensatory growth","volume":"19","author":"Hornick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357729800090111","article-title":"Metabolic adaptation and hormonal regulation in young rabbit does during long-term caloric restriction and subsequent compensatory growth","volume":"79","author":"Rommers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"782","article-title":"Insulin effect on metabolism in skeletal muscles and the role of muscles in regulation of glucose homeostasis","volume":"58","author":"Buczkowska","year":"2001","journal-title":"Przegl. Lek."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2005.06.009","article-title":"Energy balance and reproductive performance in rabbit does","volume":"93","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Garcia-Benasach, F. (2012). Diabetes Gestacional An\u00e1lisis de la Influencia de Par\u00e1metros Cl\u00ednicos y Ecogr\u00e1ficos en los Resultados pe-rinatales. [Ph.D. Thesis, Autonomic University of Madrid]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)91306-W","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity and B-cell responsiveness to glucose during late pregnancy in lean and moderately obese women with normal glucose tolerance or mild gestational diabetes","volume":"162","author":"Buchanan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-130","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity during pregnancy, lactation, and post-weaning in primiparous gilts1","volume":"85","author":"Etienne","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2020.106505","article-title":"Energy homeostasis in rabbit does during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy","volume":"218","author":"Menchetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1086","article-title":"Effects of feeding programme on the performance and energy balance of nulliparous rabbit does","volume":"6","author":"Cervera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"429","article-title":"Hormonal pattern in pregnant rabbits and some productive aspects as affected by litter size at birth. 1991","volume":"1","author":"Habeeb","year":"1991","journal-title":"Egypt J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"339","article-title":"The influence of exogenous T3 on plasma prolactin, T3, TSH and milk production during heat stress in Holstein cows","volume":"55","author":"Bober","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/21548331.1988.11703491","article-title":"The Stress Response\u2014A Dynamic Overview","volume":"23","author":"Ganong","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hosp. Pract."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01735.x","article-title":"Adaptive responses of the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during pregnancy and lactation","volume":"20","author":"Brunton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890903349501","article-title":"Attenuation of maternal psychophysiological stress responses and the maternal cortisol awakening response over the course of human pregnancy","volume":"13","author":"Entringer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.04.008","article-title":"Perinatal environment and its influences on metabolic programming of offspring","volume":"100","author":"Tamashiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1290.016","article-title":"Maternal and Fetal Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axes During Pregnancy and Postpartum","volume":"997","author":"Mastorakos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4995\/wrs.2019.10599","article-title":"A review of recent research outcomes on the housing of farmed domestic rabbits: Reproducing does","volume":"27","author":"Trocino","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Rabbit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3923\/ajpsaj.2012.65.78","article-title":"Physiological Response and Stress Indicators of California Rabbits under Intensive Conditions in Egypt","volume":"6","author":"Kalaba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian J. Poult. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/9\/2736\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:02:13Z","timestamp":1760166133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/9\/2736"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,19]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11092736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11092736","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,19]]}}}