{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T01:39:22Z","timestamp":1780537162848,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation","award":["FFoQSI AREA2 K20 P01 W02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFoQSI AREA2 K20 P01 W02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enteric diseases in piglets, such as post-weaning diarrhea (PWD), often require antibiotic treatment of the entire litter. Grape polyphenols may help overcome PWD and thereby reduce the need for antibiotics. The potential of a grape extract (GE; continuous in-feed supplementation) on performance of weaning piglets, compared with both negative (NC; corn-based diet) and positive control (PC; NC + in-feed antibiotic (amoxicillin) in a therapeutic dosage for day 1\u2013day 5 post weaning) was assessed. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and microbial metabolites were also evaluated on two sampling points (day 27\/28 and day 55\/56). We assigned 180 weaning piglets (6.9 \u00b1 0.1 kg body weight (BW)) to 6 male and 6 female pens per treatment with 5 piglets each. Animals from PC showed higher BW on day 13 compared with NC and GE, and a tendency for higher BW on day 56 (p = 0.080) compared to NC. Furthermore, PC increased the average daily feed intake in the starter phase (day 1\u2013day 13), and the average daily gain in the early grower phase (day 14\u2013day 24). Overall, GE improved the ATTD at the same level as PC (ash, acid-hydrolyzed ether extract), or at a higher level than PC (dry matter, organic matter, gross energy, crude protein, P). There were no effects on microbial metabolites apart from minor trends for lactic acid and ammonia. Dietary inclusion of GE may have beneficial effects compared to therapeutic antibiotics, as frequently used at weaning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11102771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T09:59:15Z","timestamp":1632391155000},"page":"2771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Potential of Grape Extract in Comparison with Therapeutic Dosage of Antibiotics in Weaning Piglets: Effects on Performance, Digestibility and Microbial Metabolites of the Ileum and Colon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1370-8345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emina","family":"Rajkovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FFoQSI GmbH\u2014Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, 3430 Tulln, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology (TTE), IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4213-3608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiane","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology (TTE), IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Tischler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FFoQSI GmbH\u2014Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, 3430 Tulln, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology (TTE), IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Schedle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology (TTE), IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9207-452X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Reisinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Emsenhuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimira","family":"Ocelova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOMIN Holding GmbH, 3131 Getzersdorf, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nataliya","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOMIN Holding GmbH, 3131 Getzersdorf, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1781-1032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00f6rte","family":"Frieten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences, 55411 Bingen am Rhein, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Dusel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences, 55411 Bingen am Rhein, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6909-0356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Gierus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology (TTE), IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12482","article-title":"Amoxicillin-current use in swine medicine","volume":"41","author":"Burch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3109\/03009734.2014.901445","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance\u2014Consequences for animal health, welfare, and food production","volume":"119","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Upsala J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.06.003","article-title":"Weaning stress and gastrointestinal barrier development: Implications for lifelong gut health in pigs","volume":"3","author":"Moeser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Pluske, J.R., Le Dividich, J., and Verstegen, M.W.A. (2003). Interactions between the Intestinal Microflora, Diet and Diarrhoea, and Their Influences on Piglet Health in the Immediate Post-Weaning Period. Weaning the Pig: Concepts and Consequences, Academic Publishers."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2012.01284.x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal health and function in weaned pigs: A review of feeding strategies to control post-weaning diarrhoea without using in-feed antimicrobial compounds","volume":"97","author":"Heo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119002143","article-title":"Invited review: Tannins as a potential alternative to antibiotics to prevent coliform diarrhea in weaned pigs","volume":"14","author":"Girard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.81123035x","article-title":"Molecular ecological analysis of porcine ileal microbiota responses to antimicrobial growth promoters","volume":"81","author":"Collier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soler, C., Goossens, T., Bermejo, A., Migura-Garc\u00eda, L., Cusco, A., Francino, O., and Fraile, L. (2018). Digestive microbiota is different in pigs receiving antimicrobials or a feed additive during the nursery period. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197353"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"WHO (2020, April 24). Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/drugresistance\/global_action_plan\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00473-0","article-title":"Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"387","author":"Holmes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2015). Commission Notice: Guidelines for the Prudent Use of Antimicrobials in Veterinary Medicine, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"WHO (2020, April 24). Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human. Available online: www.who.int\/foodsafety\/publications\/antimicrobials-fifth\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-019-0154-4","article-title":"European perspectives on efforts to reduce antimicrobial usage in food animal production","volume":"73","author":"More","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.03.001","article-title":"Prophylactic and metaphylactic antimicrobial use in Belgian fattening pig herds","volume":"106","author":"Callens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2012.12683","article-title":"Effects of resveratrol and essential oils on growth performance, immunity, digestibility and fecal microbial shedding in challenged piglets","volume":"26","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1515\/pjvs-2015-0072","article-title":"Effect of phytogenics on growth performance, fecal score, blood profiles, fecal noxious gas emission, digestibility, and intestinal morphology of weanling pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K88","volume":"18","author":"Devi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E140","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0459","article-title":"Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry","volume":"86","author":"Windisch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00565-3","article-title":"Phenolic compounds as natural feed additives in poultry and swine diets: A review","volume":"12","author":"Mahfuz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.09.004","article-title":"Potential and challenges of tannins as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics for farm animal production","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12277","article-title":"Effects of essential oil supplementation of a low-energy diet on performance, intestinal morphology and microflora, immune properties and antioxidant activities in weaned pigs","volume":"86","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2003.282","article-title":"Herbs and botanicals as feed additives in monogastric animals","volume":"16","author":"Wenk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11020622","article-title":"Biological activities of polyphenols from grapes","volume":"11","author":"Xia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2006.00668.x","article-title":"Growth and parameters of microflora in intestinal and faecal samples of piglets due to application of a phytogenic feed additive","volume":"91","author":"Muhl","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1515\/aoas-2016-0079","article-title":"Efficacy of phytogenic feed additive on performance, production and health status of monogastric animals\u2014A review","volume":"17","author":"Upadhaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1139\/w01-060","article-title":"The effect of condensed tannins from Lotus pedunculatus and Lotus corniculatus on the growth of proteolytic rumen bacteria in vitro and their possible mode of action","volume":"47","author":"Molan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7432797","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7432797","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation: What polyphenols can do for us?","volume":"2016","author":"Hussain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2016.02.002","article-title":"Dietary polyphenols, oxidative stress and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filocamo, A., Bisignano, C., Mandalari, G., and Navarra, M. (2015). In vitro antimicrobial activity and effect on biofilm production of a white grape juice (Vitis vinifera) extract. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., 856243.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/856243"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0852-y","article-title":"Interaction of dietary compounds, especially polyphenols, with the intestinal microbiota: A review","volume":"54","author":"Tarko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10378","article-title":"Current and future experimental approaches in the study of grape and wine polyphenols interacting gut microbiota","volume":"100","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1021\/jf020740m","article-title":"Pre- and post-mortem use of grape seed extract in dark poultry meat to inhibit development of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances","volume":"51","author":"Lau","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.5424\/sjar\/2010082-1199","article-title":"Effect of grape seed extract on growth performance, protein and polyphenol digestibilities, and antioxidant activity in chickens","volume":"8","author":"Brenes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Span. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2011.11189","article-title":"Effect of dietary grape pomace fermented by saccharomyces boulardii on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and meat quality in finishing pigs","volume":"24","author":"Yan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiesel, A., Gessner, D.K., Most, E., and Eder, K. (2014). Effects of dietary polyphenol-rich plant products from grape or hop on pro-inflammatory gene expression in the intestine, nutrient digestibility and faecal microbiota of weaned pigs. BMC Vet. Res., 196.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0196-5"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Society of Nutrition Physiology (2018, January 13\u201315). Increasing concentrations of a grape extract in broiler diets: Impact on histology and antioxidative status in the ileum. Proceedings of the Society of Nutrition Physiology, 72nd Conference, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO00325J","article-title":"Phenolic metabolites and substantial microbiome changes in pig feces by ingesting grape seed proanthocyanidins","volume":"5","author":"Choy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-835835","article-title":"Diet-derived phenols in plasma and tissues and their implications for health","volume":"70","author":"Clifford","year":"2004","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0438-4","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites as multi-kingdom intermediates","volume":"19","author":"Krautkramer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"GfE (2006). Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrungsphysiologie\/Ausschu\u00df f\u00fcr Bedarfsnormen. Empfehlungen zur Energie- und N\u00e4hrstoffversorgung von Schweinen 2006, Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft Verlag."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Naumann, C., and Bassler, R. (2012). Methodenbuch, Band III. Die chemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln, VDLUFA-Verlag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/00015128909438504","article-title":"Determination of nitrogen as elementary-N, an alternative to Kjeldahl","volume":"39","author":"Hansen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Agric. Scand."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19920129","article-title":"Evaluation of inert markers for the determination of ileal and faecal apparent digestibility values in the pig","volume":"68","author":"Jagger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brit. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740580306","article-title":"Determination of extractable and bound condensed tannin concentrations in forage plants, protein-concentrate meals and cereal-grains","volume":"58","author":"Terrill","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.1965.16.3.144","article-title":"Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents","volume":"16","author":"Singleton","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"154","article-title":"Different approaches to evaluate tannin content and structure of selected plant extracts\u2014Review and new aspects","volume":"86","author":"Kardel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.580","article-title":"Rapid determination of short-chain fatty acids in colonic contents and faeces of humans and rats by acidified water-extraction and direct-injection gas chromatography","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02491662","article-title":"Determination of biogenic amines as dansyl derivatives in intestinal digesta and feces by reversed phase HPLC","volume":"55","author":"Saarinen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-018-0308-3","article-title":"Piglet gut microbial shifts early in life: Causes and effects","volume":"10","author":"Guevarra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.11.001","article-title":"Treatment, promotion, commotion: Antibiotic alternatives in food-producing animals","volume":"21","author":"Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"73","article-title":"Presentation of postweaning Escherichia coli diarrhoea in southern Ontario, prevalence of hemolytic E. coli serogroups involved, and their antimicrobial resistance patterns","volume":"66","author":"Amezcua","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Mir\u00f3, S., Tecles, F., Ram\u00f3n, M., Escribano, D., Hern\u00e1ndez, F., Madrid, J., Orengo, J., Mart\u00ednez-Subiela, S., Manteca, X., and Cer\u00f3n, J.J. (2016). Causes, consequences and biomarkers of stress in swine: An update. BMC Vet. Res., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0791-8"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(97)00057-2","article-title":"Factors influencing the structure and function of the small intestine in the weaned pig: A review","volume":"51","author":"Pluske","year":"1997","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117001604","article-title":"Grape pomace improves performance, antioxidant status, fecal microbiota and meat quality of piglets","volume":"12","author":"Kafantaris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-55-18","article-title":"Supplementation of a grape seed and grape marc meal extract decreases activities of the oxidative stress-responsive transcription factors NF-\u03baB and Nrf2 in the duodenal mucosa of pigs","volume":"55","author":"Gessner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2013.11.026","article-title":"Dietary polyphenols reduce diarrhea in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infected post-weaning piglets","volume":"160","author":"Verhelst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3906\/vet-1403-64","article-title":"The effects of red grape pomace inclusion in grower diet on amino acid digestibility, intestinal microflora, and sera and liver antioxidant activity in broilers","volume":"39","author":"Lichovnikova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.4.648","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin administered in drinking water to recently weaned 3- to 4-week-old pigs with diarrhea experimentally induced by Escherichia coli O149:F4","volume":"67","author":"Jensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3311","article-title":"Feed supplemented with 3 different antibiotics improved food intake and decreased the activation of the humoral immune response in healthy weaned pigs but had differing effects on intestinal microbiota","volume":"89","author":"Bosi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.9.2256","article-title":"Weaning induces both transient and long-lasting modifications of absorptive, secretory, and barrier properties of piglet intestine","volume":"134","author":"Boudry","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.22358\/jafs\/69955\/1998","article-title":"The impact of feed additives on the microbial ecology of the gut in young pigs","volume":"7","author":"Jensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Anim. Feed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01153","article-title":"The immature gut barrier and its importance in establishing immunity in newborn mammals","volume":"11","author":"Sureda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.3.508","article-title":"Effect of dietary grape pomace and Vitamin E on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and susceptibility to meat lipid oxidation in chickens","volume":"86","author":"Brenes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2004.09.001","article-title":"Effect of tannins in sorghum on amino acid ileal digestibility and on trypsin (E.C.2.4.21.4) and chymotrypsin (E.C.2.4.21.1) activity of growing pigs","volume":"117","author":"Avellaneda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1079\/095442200108729106","article-title":"Antibiotic use in animal feed and its impact on human healt","volume":"13","author":"Barton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Hays, V.W. (1981). The hays report: Effectiveness of Feed Additive Usage of Antimicrobial Agents in Swine and Poultry Production. Long Beach, California: Rachelle Laboratories, Scialert. Report 12476-01."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3875","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(91)83426-L","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of tannins","volume":"30","author":"Scalbert","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201900116","article-title":"Phenazine antibiotic-inspired discovery of bacterial biofilm-eradicating agents","volume":"20","author":"Huigens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12563","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota: Antibiotics, colonization resistance, and enteric pathogens","volume":"279","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312297","article-title":"Antibiotics as deep modulators of gut microbiota: Between good and evil","volume":"65","author":"Ianiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308820","article-title":"Uncovering effects of antibiotics on the host and microbiota using transkingdom gene networks","volume":"64","author":"Morgun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.2527\/2005.83102396x","article-title":"Calcium, phosphorus, and amino acid digestibility in low-phytate corn, normal corn, and soybean meal by growing pigs","volume":"83","author":"Bohlke","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2014.08.006","article-title":"Effects of maize conservation techniques on the apparent total tract nutrient and mineral digestibility and microbial metabolites in the faeces of growing pigs","volume":"197","author":"Humer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz151","article-title":"Increasing the dosing of a Buttiauxella phytase improves phytate degradation, mineral, energy, and amino acid digestibility in weaned pigs fed a complex diet based on wheat, corn, soybean meal, barley, and rapeseed meal1","volume":"97","author":"Dusel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5466","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2017.1849","article-title":"True is more additive than apparent total tract digestibility of calcium in limestone and dicalcium phosphate for twenty-kilogram pigs fed semipurified diets","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dou, S., Gadonna-Widehem, P., Rome, V., Hamoudi, D., Rhazi, L., Lakhal, L., Larcher, T., Bahi-Jaber, N., Pinon-Quintana, A., and Guyonvarch, A. (2017). Characterisation of early-life fecal microbiota in susceptible and healthy pigs to post-weaning diarrhoea. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169851"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.03.003","article-title":"An update on alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters for broilers","volume":"187","author":"Huyghebaert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2007.08.018","article-title":"Potential of phenolic compounds for controlling lactic acid bacteria growth in wine","volume":"19","author":"Pueyo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.04.004","article-title":"Tannase activity by lactic acid bacteria isolated from grape must and wine","volume":"96","author":"Vaquero","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2006.07.004","article-title":"Effect of tea phenolics and their aromatic fecal bacterial metabolites on intestinal microbiota","volume":"157","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NP00062J","article-title":"Phenyl-\u03b3-valerolactones and phenylvaleric acids, the main colonic metabolites of flavan-3-ols: Synthesis, analysis, bioavailability, and bioactivity","volume":"36","author":"Mena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03562.x","article-title":"Review article: The role of butyrate on colonic function","volume":"27","author":"Hamer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz102","article-title":"Grape seed proanthocyanidin affects lipid metabolism via changing gut microflora and enhancing propionate production in weaned pigs","volume":"149","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80313","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13450","article-title":"Dietary grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) improve weaned intestinal microbiota and mucosal barrier using a piglet model","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02605.x","article-title":"Lactate is mainly fermented to butyrate by human intestinal microfloras but inter-individual variation is evident","volume":"99","author":"Bourriaud","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holota, Y., Dovbynchuk, T., Kaji, I., Vareniuk, I., Dzyubenko, N., Chervinska, T., Zakordonets, L., Stetska, V., Ostapchenko, L., and Serhiychuk, T. (2019). The long-term consequences of antibiotic therapy: Role of colonic short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) system and intestinal barrier integrity. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220642"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252316000141","article-title":"Health relevance of intestinal protein fermentation in young pigs","volume":"17","author":"Pieper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/17450390903461584","article-title":"Effect of tannins on growth performance and intestinal ecosystem in weaned piglets","volume":"64","author":"Biagia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00464-z","article-title":"Dried fruit pomace inclusion in poultry diet: Growth performance, intestinal morphology and physiology","volume":"11","author":"Colombino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.013","article-title":"Feed-induced specific ileal endogenous amino acid losses: Measurement and significance in the protein nutrition of monogastric animals","volume":"221","author":"Ravindran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/10\/2771\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:03:40Z","timestamp":1760166220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/10\/2771"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11102771"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11102771","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]}}}