{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:18:00Z","timestamp":1784830680516,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evidence of hearing impairment was identified in a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) on the basis of scanning electron microscopy. In addition, based on histopathology and immunohistochemistry, there were signs of unrelated cerebral toxoplasmosis. The six-year old individual live stranded on the Dutch coast at Domburg in 2016 and died a few hours later. The most significant gross lesion was multifocal necrosis and haemorrhage of the cerebrum. Histopathology of the brain revealed extensive necrosis and haemorrhage in the cerebrum with multifocal accumulations of degenerated neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages, and perivascular lymphocytic cuffing. The diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis was confirmed by positive staining of protozoa with anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. Tachyzoites were not observed histologically in any of the examined tissues. Ultrastructural evaluation of the inner ear revealed evidence of scattered loss of outer hair cells in a 290 \u00b5m long segment of the apical turn of the cochlea, and in a focal region of ~ 1.5 mm from the apex of the cochlea, which was compatible with noise-induced hearing loss. This is the first case of concurrent presumptive noise-induced hearing loss and toxoplasmosis in a free-ranging harbour porpoise from the North Sea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T23:49:52Z","timestamp":1635292192000},"page":"3058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evidence of Hearing Loss and Unrelated Toxoplasmosis in a Free-Ranging Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1959-5852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Morell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 25761 B\u00fcsum, Germany"},{"name":"Zoology Department, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7288-9118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lonneke L.","family":"IJsseldijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alinda J.","family":"Berends","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gr\u00f6ne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2556-3948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ursula","family":"Siebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 25761 B\u00fcsum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2879-073X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Raverty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"},{"name":"Animal Health Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, BC V3G 2M3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Shadwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marja J. L.","family":"Kik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2664.2002.00713.x","article-title":"Abundance of harbour porpoise and other cetaceans in the North Sea and adjacent waters","volume":"39","author":"Hammond","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2020.108733","article-title":"Spatiotemporal mortality and demographic trends in a small cetacean: Strandings to inform conservation management","volume":"249","author":"IJsseldijk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Green, M., Caddell, R., Eisfeld, S., Dolman, S., and Simmonds, M. (2012). Looking Forward to \u2018Strict Protection\u2019: A Critical Review of the Current Legal Regime for Cetaceans in UK Waters, WDCS. A WDCS Science Report."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Camphuysen, C.J., and Siemensma, M.L. (2011). Conservation Plan for the Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena in the Netherlands: Towards a Favourable Conservation Status, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research. NIOZ Report 2011-07."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slabbekoorn, H., Dooling, R.J., Popper, A.N., and Fay, R.R. (2018). Effects of Noise on Marine Mammals. Effects of Anthropogenic Noise on Animals, Springer Handbook of Auditory Research.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8574-6"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"71","article-title":"Marine noise pollution\u2014Increasing recognition but need for more practical action","volume":"9","author":"Simmonds","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ocean Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Morell, M. (2012). Ultrastructural Analysis of Odontocete Cochlea. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya]. Available online: http:\/\/www.tdx.cat\/handle\/10803\/125113."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23688","article-title":"Ultrastructure of the odontocete organ of Corti: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy","volume":"523","author":"Morell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00429","article-title":"Echolocating whales and bats express the motor protein prestin in the inner ear: A potential marker for hearing loss","volume":"7","author":"Morell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morell, M., IJsseldijk, L.L., Piscitelli-Doshkov, M., Ostertag, S., Estrade, V., Haulena, M., Doshkov, P., Bourien, J., Raverty, S.A., and Siebert, U. (2021). Cochlear apical morphology in toothed whales: Using the pairing hair cell\u2014Deiters\u2019 cell as a marker to detect lesions. Anat. Rec., 1\u201321.","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24680"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3109\/00016487209122688","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopy of normal and pathologically altered organ of Corti","volume":"73","author":"Bredberg","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.970180307","article-title":"Reorganization of cytoskeletal and junctional proteins during cochlear hair cell degeneration","volume":"18","author":"Raphael","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41848","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41848","article-title":"Implementation of a method to visualize noise-induced hearing loss in mass stranded cetaceans","volume":"7","author":"Morell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985820972454","article-title":"Challenges in the assessment of bycatch: Postmortem findings in harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) retrieved from gillnets","volume":"58","author":"IJsseldijk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20142429","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.2429","article-title":"Exposing the grey seal as a major predator of harbour porpoises","volume":"282","author":"Leopold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.07.010","article-title":"Identification and typing of Brucella spp. in stranded harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) on the Dutch coast","volume":"173","author":"Maio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2607-8","article-title":"Identification of a novel gammaherpesvirus associated with (muco) cutaneous lesions in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)","volume":"160","author":"IJsseldijk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50979-3","article-title":"Forensic microbiology reveals that Neisseria animaloris infections in harbour porpoises follow traumatic injuries by grey seals","volume":"9","author":"Foster","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapetanou, A., IJsseldijk, L.L., Willems, D.S., Broens, E.M., Everaarts, E., Buil, J.B., Verweij, P.E., Kik, M.J.L., and Gr\u00f6ne, A. (2020). Mycotic infections in free-ranging harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Front. Mar. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.00344"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2015.08.004","article-title":"Fatal disseminated Toxoplasma gondii infection in a captive harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)","volume":"153","author":"Herder","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.10.021","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in stranded marine mammals from the North Sea and Eastern Atlantic Ocean: Findings and diagnostic difficulties","volume":"230","author":"Devleesschauwer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109296","article-title":"Recent epidemiologic and clinical importance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in marine mammals: 2009\u20132020","volume":"288","author":"Dubey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Dubey, J.P. (2010). Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans, CRC Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-257R","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild dolphins from the Spanish Mediterranean coast","volume":"90","author":"Resendes","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000200024","article-title":"The sero-prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in British marine mammals","volume":"104","author":"Forman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Meml. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810388525","article-title":"Marine mammals as sentinel species for oceans and human health","volume":"48","author":"Bossart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"IJsseldijk, L.L., Brownlow, A.C., and Mazzariol, S. (2020, October 01). Best Practice on Cetacean Post Mortem Investigation and Tissue Sampling. Joint ACCOBAMS\/ASCOBANS Document. Available online: https:\/\/osf.io\/zh4ra\/."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Kumar, G.L., and Rudbeck, L. (2009). Immunohistochemical Staining Methods. Immunohistochemical Staining Methods, Dako Corporation. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2632-z","article-title":"Detection and dissemination of Toxoplasma gondii in experimentally infected calves, a single test does not tell the whole story","volume":"11","author":"Burrells","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Morell, M., and Andr\u00e9, M. (2013, October 07). Cetacean Ear Extraction and Fixation Protocol. Available online: http:\/\/www.zoology.ubc.ca\/files\/Ear_extraction_and_fixation_protocol_UBC.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534917","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.534917","article-title":"Combining cochlear analysis and auditory evoked potentials in a beluga whale with high-frequency hearing loss","volume":"7","author":"Morell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2960\/J.v42.m658","article-title":"Assessing the effect of persistent organic pollutants on reproductive activity in common dolphins and harbour porpoises","volume":"42","author":"Murphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Northwest Atl. Fish Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, S., Barber, J.L., Learmonth, J.A., Read, F.L., Deaville, R., Perkins, M.W., Brownlow, A., Davison, N., Penrose, R., and Pierce, G.J. (2015). Reproductive failure in UK harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena: Legacy of pollutant exposure?. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131085"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Polluted porpoises: Generational transfer of contaminants in harbour porpoises from the southern North Sea","volume":"796","author":"Kotterman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Hohn, A.A., and Lockyer, C. (1995). Protocol for Obtaining Age Estimates from Harbour Porpoise Teeth. Biology of Phocoenids. Appendix 3, Report of the Harbour Porpoise Age Determination Workshop, International Whaling Commission."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.10.018","article-title":"Neospora caninum DNA detection by TaqMan real-time PCR assay in experimentally infected pregnant heifers","volume":"199","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.01.009","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: Epidemiology, feline clinical aspects, and prevention","volume":"26","author":"Elmore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.7.1666-1671.1996","article-title":"Detection and analysis of diverse herpesviral species by consensus primer PCR","volume":"34","author":"Warrener","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1075343","article-title":"Another phocine distemper outbreak in Europe","volume":"297","author":"Jensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1121\/1.401307","article-title":"The structural and functional consequences of acoustic injury in the cochlea and peripheral auditory system: A five year update","volume":"90","author":"Saunders","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.03.003","article-title":"Translating animal models to human therapeutics in noise-induced and age-related hearing loss","volume":"377","author":"Kujawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2020.108082","article-title":"Changes in audiometric threshold and frequency selectivity correlate with cochlear histopathology in macaque monkeys with permanent noise-induced hearing loss","volume":"398","author":"Burton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2006.04.001","article-title":"The fate of outer hair cells after acoustic or ototoxic insults","volume":"218","author":"Abrashkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1177\/000348947208100203","article-title":"Sensory and neural degeneration with aging, as seen in microdissections of human inner ear","volume":"81","author":"Johnsson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.9.6.956","article-title":"Ototoxicity of amikacin","volume":"9","author":"Black","year":"1976","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(20)32439-7","article-title":"Anatomic correlates of noise induced hearing loss","volume":"12","author":"Lim","year":"1979","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1995.1210","article-title":"Developmental exposure to polychlorinated-biphenyls (Aroclor-1254) reduces circulating thyroid-hormone concentrations and causes hearing deficits in rats","volume":"135","author":"Goldey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1996.0149","article-title":"Developmental exposure to Aroclor 1254 produces low-frequency alterations in adult rat brainstem auditory evoked responses","volume":"33","author":"Herr","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fundam. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(00)00062-9","article-title":"Hearing loss following exposure during development to polychlorinated biphenyls: A cochlear site of action","volume":"144","author":"Crofton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2008.01687.x","article-title":"Sensorineural hearing loss due to Toxoplasma gondii in children: A case-control study","volume":"33","author":"Noorbakhsh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1605377","article-title":"Hearing disorders in congenital toxoplasmosis: A literature review","volume":"22","author":"Maximino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31828297b6","article-title":"Otopathology in congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"34","author":"Salviz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Viral causes of hearing loss: A review for hearing health professionals","volume":"18","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5408.536","article-title":"Final report of a prospective study of children whose mothers had Rubella in early pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Sheridan","year":"1964","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0709(00)80117-9","article-title":"Otologic and audiologic evaluation of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients","volume":"21","author":"Chandrasekhar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200404000-00006","article-title":"Cochlear changes in chronic otitis media","volume":"114","author":"Cureoglu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4090","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2357993","article-title":"Variation in the hearing sensitivity of a dolphin population determined through the use of evoked potential audiometry","volume":"120","author":"Houser","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2007.00148.x","article-title":"Evoked potential audiometry of 13 Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus gilli)","volume":"24","author":"Houser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Mamm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"136","article-title":"Histopathological observation on the inner ear barotrauma in guinea pig","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Tongji Univ. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00053.2017","article-title":"Toward cochlear therapies","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1897\/03-663.1","article-title":"Relationships between polychlorinated biphenyls and health status in harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded in the United Kingdom","volume":"24","author":"Jepson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/10807030091124491","article-title":"Toxicity reference values for the toxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls to aquatic mammals","volume":"6","author":"Kannan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.01.014","article-title":"Hearing loss in autoimmune disorders: Prevalence and therapeutic options","volume":"17","author":"Mancini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1","article-title":"Temporary deafness following exposure to loud tones and noise","volume":"Suppl. S88","author":"Davis","year":"1950","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4892794","article-title":"Frequency of greatest temporary hearing threshold shift in harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) depends on the noise level","volume":"136","author":"Kastelein","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4927418","article-title":"Noise-induced hearing loss in marine mammals: A review of temporary threshold shift studies from 1996 to 2015","volume":"138","author":"Finneran","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5129379","article-title":"Long-term evidence of noise-induced permanent threshold shift in a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina)","volume":"146","author":"Reichmuth","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589902700615","article-title":"Fatal disseminated toxoplasmosis in a spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris)","volume":"27","author":"Migaki","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985809358036","article-title":"Cerebral toxoplasmosis in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) stranded along the Ligurian Sea coast of Italy","volume":"47","author":"Proietto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzariol, S., Marcer, F., Mignone, W., Serracca, L., Goria, M., Marsili, L., Di Guardo, G., and Casalone, C. (2012). Dolphin Morbillivirus and Toxoplasma gondii coinfection in a Mediterranean fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). BMC Vet. Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-20"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St Leger, J., Raverty, S., and Mena, A. (2018). Cetacea. Pathology of Wildlife and Zoo Animals, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805306-5.00022-5"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.05.006","article-title":"Meta-analysis of prevention and treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis in HIV-infected patients","volume":"127","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"303","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Toxoplasma gondii in Humans","volume":"Volume I","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Human Emerging and Re-Emerging Infections: Viral and Parasitic Infections"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02101","article-title":"Emerging infectious diseases in cetaceans worldwide and the possible role of environmental stressors","volume":"86","author":"Raga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813486816","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: Clues from stranded dolphins","volume":"50","author":"Mazzariol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Chen, H., Liu, D., Huo, X., Gao, J., Song, X., Xu, X., Huang, K., Liu, W., and Wang, Y. (2013). Genotypes and mouse virulence of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from animals and humans in China. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/2cc13197-e6fc-46eb-88d6-853be10b72c5"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02815","article-title":"Cetacean host-pathogen interaction(s): Critical knowledge gaps","volume":"9","author":"Centelleghe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03182","article-title":"Quantifying parasite presence in relation to biological parameters of harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena stranded on the Dutch coast","volume":"127","author":"IJsseldijk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2000.0436","article-title":"Post-mortem findings in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the German North and Baltic Seas","volume":"124","author":"Siebert","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105904","article-title":"Health assessment of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from Baltic area of Denmark, Germany, Poland and Latvia","volume":"143","author":"Siebert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2001.0547","article-title":"Post-mortem findings and causes of death of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded from 1990 to 2000 along the coastlines of Belgium and Northern France","volume":"126","author":"Jauniaux","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.146.25.721","article-title":"Pulmonary pathology of harbour porpoises stranded in England and Wales between 1990 and 1996","volume":"146","author":"Jepson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.1021\/es048709j","article-title":"Investigations of the potential influence of environmental contaminants on the thymus and spleen of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)","volume":"39","author":"Beineke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.10.007","article-title":"Immunotoxic effects of environmental pollutants in marine mammals","volume":"86","author":"Desforges","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18573","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18573","article-title":"PCB pollution continues to impact populations of orcas and other dolphins in European waters","volume":"6","author":"Jepson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1914435","article-title":"Echolocation: High-frequency component in click of harbor porpoise (Phocoena ph. L.)","volume":"54","author":"Andersen","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02618","article-title":"Echolocation signals of wild harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena","volume":"210","author":"Villadsgaard","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00052","article-title":"Echolocation by the harbor porpoise: Life in coastal waters","volume":"4","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4997907","article-title":"Hearing thresholds of a male and a female harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)","volume":"142","author":"Kastelein","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7311-5_46","article-title":"Marine Mammal Auditory System Noise Impacts: Evidence and Incidence","volume":"Volume 730","author":"Popper","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/11\/3058\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:24:05Z","timestamp":1760167445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/11\/3058"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11113058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11113058","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]}}}