{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T15:42:51Z","timestamp":1784562171463,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]],"date-time":"2021-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Bureau Science and Technology","award":["2015C02020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015C02020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acidification (OA), a global threat to the world\u2019s oceans, is projected to significantly grow if CO2 continues to be emitted into the atmosphere at high levels. This will result in a slight decrease in pH. Since the latter is a logarithmic scale of acidity, the higher acidic seawater is expected to have a tremendous impact on marine living resources in the long-term. An 8-week laboratory experiment was designed to assess the impact of the projected pH in 2100 and beyond on fish survival, health, growth, and fish meat quality. Two projected scenarios were simulated with the control treatment, in triplicates. The control treatment had a pH of 8.10, corresponding to a pCO2 of 321.37 \u00b1 11.48 \u00b5atm. The two projected scenarios, named Predict_A and Predict_B, had pH values of 7.80-pCO2 = 749.12 \u00b1 27.03 and 7.40-pCO2 = 321.37 \u00b1 11.48 \u00b5atm, respectively. The experiment was preceded by 2 weeks of acclimation. After the acclimation, 20 juvenile black sea breams (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) of 2.72 \u00b1 0.01 g were used per tank. This species has been selected mainly due to its very high resistance to diseases and environmental changes, assuming that a weaker fish resistance will also be susceptibly affected. In all tanks, the fish were fed with the same commercial diet. The seawater\u2019s physicochemical parameters were measured daily. Fish samples were subjected to physiological, histological, and biochemical analyses. Fish growth, feeding efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and crude protein content were significantly decreased with a lower pH. Scanning electron microscopy revealed multiple atrophies of microvilli throughout the small intestine\u2019s brush border in samples from Predict_A and Predict_B. This significantly reduced nutrient absorption, resulting in significantly lower feed efficiency, lower fish growth, and lower meat quality. As a result of an elevated pCO2 in seawater, the fish eat more than normal but grow less than normal. Liver observation showed blood congestion, hemorrhage, necrosis, vacuolation of hepatocytes, and an increased number of Kupffer cells, which characterize liver damage. Transmission electron microscopy revealed an elongated and angular shape of the mitochondrion in the liver cell, with an abundance of peroxisomes, symptomatic of metabolic acidosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T11:47:38Z","timestamp":1635767258000},"page":"3119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Experimental Studies on the Impact of the Projected Ocean Acidification on Fish Survival, Health, Growth, and Meat Quality; Black Sea Bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii), Physiological and Histological Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3037-3989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrice Arnaud","family":"Tegomo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Academy, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316100, China"},{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316100, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"International College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwen","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Academy, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316100, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achille Pandong","family":"Njomoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure Polytechnique de Douala-Universit\u00e9 de Douala (ENSPD-UD), Logbessou-PK17, Douala 2701, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3030-4999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel Ukpong","family":"Okon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Academy, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316100, China"},{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316100, China"},{"name":"International College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Academy, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316100, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"International College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neveen Anandi","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Academy, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316100, China"},{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316100, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"International College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Academy, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316100, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxiao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Academy, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316100, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxing","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Academy, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316100, China"},{"name":"Ocean Research Center of Zhoushan, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316100, 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