{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T10:24:00Z","timestamp":1770891840660,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000202","name":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F18AF00664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F18AF00664"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000202","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources","award":["EP3100703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP3100703"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In eastern North America, \u201ctree bats\u201d (Genera: Lasiurus and Lasionycteris) are highly susceptible to collisions with wind energy turbines and are known to fly offshore during migration. This raises concern about ongoing expansion of offshore wind-energy development off the Atlantic Coast. Season, atmospheric conditions, and site-level characteristics such as local habitat (e.g., forest coverage) have been shown to influence wind turbine collision rates by bats onshore, and therefore may be related to risk offshore. Therefore, to assess the factors affecting coastal presence of bats, we continuously gathered tree bat occurrence data using stationary acoustic recorders on five structures (four lighthouses on barrier islands and one light tower offshore) off the coast of Virginia, USA, across all seasons, 2012\u20132019. We used generalized additive models to describe tree bat occurrence on a nightly basis. We found that sites either indicated maternity or migratory seasonal occurrence patterns associated with local roosting resources, i.e., presence of trees. Across all sites, nightly occurrence was negatively related to wind speed and positively related to temperature and visibility. Using predictive performance metrics, we concluded that our model was highly predictive for the Virginia coast. Our findings were consistent with other studies\u2014tree bat occurrence probability and presumed mortality risk to offshore wind-energy collisions is highest on low wind speed nights, high temperature and visibility nights, and during spring and fall. The high predictive model performance we observed provides a basis for which managers, using a similar monitoring and modeling regime, could develop an effective curtailment-based mitigation strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T09:11:32Z","timestamp":1636017092000},"page":"3146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Monitoring and Modeling Tree Bat (Genera: Lasiurus, Lasionycteris) Occurrence Using Acoustics on Structures off the Mid-Atlantic Coast\u2014Implications for Offshore Wind Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Michael C.","family":"True","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources, Verona, VA 24482, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. Mark","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnett, E.B., Baerwald, E.F., Mathews, F., Rodrigues, L., Rodr\u00edguez-Dur\u00e1n, A., Rydell, J., Villegas-Patraca, R., and Voigt, C.C. (2015). Impacts of wind energy development on bats: A global perspective. Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25220-9_11"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2017.02.023","article-title":"Fatalities at wind turbines may threaten population viability of a migratory bat","volume":"209","author":"Frick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2021.109309","article-title":"Assessing fatality minimization for hoary bats amid continued wind energy development","volume":"262","author":"Friedenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"19","article-title":"Impact of wind energy on bats: A summary of our current knowledge","volume":"10","author":"Hein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum.-Wildl. Interact."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2193\/2007-221","article-title":"Patterns of bat fatalities at wind energy facilities in North America","volume":"72","author":"Arnett","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnett, E.B., and Baerwald, E.F. (2013). Impacts of wind energy development on bats: Implications for conservation. Bat Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7397-8_21"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2017.09.014","article-title":"Factors associated with bat mortality at wind energy facilities in the United States","volume":"215","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, D.Y., Wittig, T.W., and Kluever, B.M. (2020). An evaluation of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines in the Northeastern United States. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238034"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1644\/08-MAMM-A-211R2.1","article-title":"Using Hydrogen Isotopes to Assign Origins of Bats in the Eastern United States","volume":"90","author":"Britzke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1542(2003)084<0579:SDOMTB>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Seasonal distribution of migratory tree bats (Lasiurus and Lasionycteris) in North America","volume":"84","author":"Cryan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3161\/150811011X578705","article-title":"Seasonal and geographic trends in acoustic detection of tree-roosting bats","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Chiropterologica"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1644\/BRG-202","article-title":"Stable hydrogen isotope analysis of bat hair as evidence for seasonal molt and long-distance migration","volume":"85","author":"Cryan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1644\/09-MAMM-S-076R1.1","article-title":"Causes of bat fatalities at wind turbines: Hypotheses and predictions","volume":"90","author":"Cryan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.2193\/2007-371","article-title":"Mating behavior as a possible cause of bat fatalities at wind turbines","volume":"72","author":"Cryan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Muthersbaugh, M.S. (2017). Seasonal Activity Patterns of Bats in the Central Appalachians. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"American Wind and Wildlife Institute (AWWI) (2020). Summary of Bat Fatality Monitoring Data Contained in AWWIC, Technical Report, American Wind and Wildlife Institute (AWWI). [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15126","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1406672111","article-title":"Behavior of bats at wind turbines","volume":"111","author":"Cryan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2193\/2006-465","article-title":"Behavioral responses of bats to operating wind turbines","volume":"72","author":"Horn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2307\/1373749","article-title":"Red bat and spotted porpoise off the Carolinas","volume":"1","author":"Nichols","year":"1920","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2307\/1373606","article-title":"Bats on migration","volume":"2","author":"Thomas","year":"1921","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/11.2.225-a","article-title":"A red bat at sea","volume":"11","author":"Norton","year":"1930","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/4.1.61","article-title":"The red bat in Bermuda","volume":"4","author":"Allen","year":"1923","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1656\/045.021.0201","article-title":"Offshore activity of bats along the mid-Atlantic coast","volume":"21","author":"Sjollema","year":"2014","journal-title":"Northeast. Nat."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatch, S.K., Connelly, E.E., Divoll, T.J., Stenhouse, I.J., and Williams, K.A. (2013). Offshore observations of eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis) in the mid-Atlantic United States using multiple survey methods. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083803"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-010-1415-6","article-title":"Monitoring seasonal bat activity on a coastal barrier island in Maryland, USA","volume":"173","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1656\/045.021.0107","article-title":"Offshore acoustic monitoring of bats in the Gulf of Maine","volume":"21","author":"Peterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Northeast. Nat."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson, T., Pelletier, S., and Giovanni, M. (2016). Long-Term Bat Monitoring on Islands, Offshore Structures, and Coastal Sites in the Gulf of Maine, Mid-ATLANTIC, and Great Lakes\u2014Final Report, Stantec Consulting Services Inc.","DOI":"10.2172\/1238337"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyw116","article-title":"Bat activity during autumn relates to atmospheric conditions: Implications for coastal wind energy development","volume":"97","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(77)90016-9","article-title":"Why do migrating birds fly along coastlines?","volume":"65","author":"Alerstam","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-017-1181-9","article-title":"Atmospheric conditions create freeways, detours and tailbacks for migrating birds","volume":"203","author":"Liechti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.114537","article-title":"On the suitability of offshore wind energy resource in the United States of America for the 21st century","volume":"262","author":"Costoya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beiter, P., Musial, W., Kilcher, L., Maness, M., and Smith, A. (2017). An Assessment of the Economic Potential of Offshore Wind in the United States from 2015 to 2030.","DOI":"10.2172\/1349721"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musial, W.D., Beiter, P.C., Spitsen, P., Nunemaker, J., and Gevorgian, V. (2019). 2018 Offshore Wind Technologies Market Report.","DOI":"10.2172\/1572771"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"e01099","article-title":"Ultrasonic acoustic deterrents significantly reduce bat fatalities at wind turbines","volume":"24","author":"Weaver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, D., Green, T., Miller, M., and Rickards, E. (2020). Bat Impact Minimization Technology: An Improved Bat Deterrent for the Full Swept Rotor Area of Any Wind Turbine, Frontier Wind, LLC.","DOI":"10.2172\/1608253"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnett, E.B., Hein, C.D., Schirmacher, M.R., Huso, M.M.P., and Szewczak, J.M. (2013). Correction: Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Ultrasonic Acoustic Deterrent for Reducing Bat Fatalities at Wind Turbines. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/a81f59cb-0f82-4c84-a743-895acb4b2794"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, J.B., Ford, W.M., Rodrigue, J.L., and Edwards, J.W. (2012). Effects of Acoustic Deterrents on Foraging Bats.","DOI":"10.2737\/NRS-RN-129"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5101497","article-title":"Developing a biomimetic acoustic deterrent to reduce bat mortalities at wind turbines","volume":"145","author":"Smotherman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Lindsey, C.T. (2017). Assessing Changes in Bat Activity in Response to an Acoustic Deterrent\u2014Implications for Decreasing Bat Fatalities at Wind Facilities. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Texas Christian University]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schirmacher, M.R. (2020). Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Ultrasonic Acoustic Deterrent in Reducing Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities, Bat Conservation International.","DOI":"10.2172\/1605929"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01881","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.1881","article-title":"A smart curtailment approach for reducing bat fatalities and curtailment time at wind energy facilities","volume":"29","author":"Hayes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koppel, J. (2017). Mitigating bat mortality with turbine-specific curtailment algorithms: A model based approach. Wind Energy and Wildlife Interactions, Springer International.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51272-3"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.21844","article-title":"Effects of Wind Turbine Curtailment on Bird and Bat Fatalities","volume":"84","author":"Smallwood","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1890\/100103","article-title":"Altering turbine speed reduces bat mortality at wind-energy facilities","volume":"9","author":"Arnett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.2193\/2008-233","article-title":"A large-scale mitigation experiment to reduce bat fatalities at wind energy facilities","volume":"73","author":"Baerwald","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyx005","article-title":"Reducing bat fatalities at wind facilities while improving the economic efficiency of operational mitigation","volume":"98","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.260","article-title":"Using echolocation monitoring to model bat occupancy and inform mitigations at wind energy facilities","volume":"76","author":"Weller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Peterson, T. (2020). Predicting and Managing Risk to Bats at Commercial Wind Farms Using Acoustics, University of Maine."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03336","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.3336","article-title":"A practical guide to selecting models for exploration, inference, and prediction in ecology","volume":"102","author":"Tredennick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Fleming, G.P., Patterson, K., and Taverana, K. (2021). The Natural Communities of Virginia: A Classification of Ecological Community Groups and Community Types. Third Approximation. Version 3.3."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1139\/z70-148","article-title":"A technique for monitoring bat activity with results obtained from different environments in southern Ontario","volume":"48","author":"Brock","year":"1970","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3161\/15081109ACC2020.22.1.012","article-title":"Bat activity rates do not predict bat fatality rates at wind energy facilities","volume":"22","author":"Solick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Chiropterologica"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Wood, S. (2021, September 01). mgcv: Mixed GAM Computation Vehicle with Automatic Smoothness Estimation 2020. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/mgcv\/."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Hastie, T.J., and Tibshirani, R.J. (1990). Generalized Additive Models, CRC Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood, S.N. (2017). Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R., CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315370279"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.2307\/2344614","article-title":"Generalized linear models","volume":"135","author":"Nelder","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00374","article-title":"Thin-plate regression splines","volume":"65","author":"Wood","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1198\/016214504000000980","article-title":"Stable and efficient multiple smoothing parameter estimation for generalized additive models","volume":"99","author":"Wood","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2010.00749.x","article-title":"Fast stable restricted maximum likelihood and marginal likelihood estimation of semiparametric generalized linear models","volume":"73","author":"Wood","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2016.1180986","article-title":"Smoothing parameter and model selection for general smooth models (with discussion)","volume":"111","author":"Wood","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"R Core Team (2021, September 01). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344136","article-title":"Estimating the dimension of a model","volume":"6","author":"Schwarz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124104268644","article-title":"Multimodel inference: Understanding AIC and BIC in model selection","volume":"33","author":"Burnham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sociol. Methods Res."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Barton, K. (2021, September 01). MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference, R Packag. Version 1.43.17. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/MuMIn\/."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7439(00)00122-2","article-title":"Monte Carlo cross validation","volume":"56","author":"Xu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.143.1.7063747","article-title":"The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve","volume":"143","author":"Hanley","year":"1982","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robin, X., Turck, N., Hainard, A., Tiberti, N., Lisacek, F., Sanchez, J.C., and M\u00fcller, M. (2011). pROC: An open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinform., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Robin, X., Turck, N., Hainard, A., Tiberti, N., Lisacek, F., Sanchez, J.-C., and M\u00fcller, M. (2021, September 01). pROC: Display and Analyze ROC Curves 2020. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/pacakges\/pROC\/."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(1950)3:1<32::AID-CNCR2820030106>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Index for rating diagnostic tests","volume":"3","author":"Youden","year":"1950","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2307\/2269559","article-title":"The statistical evaluation of ecological indicators","volume":"6","author":"Murtaugh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2664.2001.00647.x","article-title":"Evaluating presence-absence models in ecology: The need to account for prevalence","volume":"38","author":"Manel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.05.055","article-title":"Making ecological indicators management ready: Assessing the specificity, sensitivity, and threshold response of ecological indicators","volume":"105","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Wickham, H., Fran\u00e7ois, R., Henry, L., and M\u00fcller, K. (2021, September 01). dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation 2020. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/dplyr\/."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2021, September 01). Forcats: Tools for Working with Categorical Variables (Factors) 2020. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/forcats\/."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","article-title":"Welcome to the Tidyverse","volume":"4","author":"Wickham","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Wickham, H., Chang, W., Henry, L., Pedersen, T.L., Takahashi, K., Wilke, C., Woo, K., Yutani, H., and Dunnington, D. (2021, September 01). ggplot2: Create elegant Data Visualisations Using the Grammar of Graphics 2020. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/ggplot2\/."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Slowikowski, K. (2021, September 01). ggrepel: Automatically Position Non-Overlapping Text Labels with ggplot2 2020. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/ggrepel\/."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Fasiolo, M., and Nedellec, R. (2021, September 01). mgcViz: Visualisations for Generalized Additive Models 2020. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/mgcViz\/."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Kassambara, A. (2021, September 01). ggpubr: ggplot2 Based Publication Ready Plots 2020. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/ggpubr\/."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v084.i06","article-title":"tmap: Thematic maps in R","volume":"84","author":"Tennekes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Tennekes, M. (2021, September 01). tmaptools: Thematic Map Tools 2020. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/tmaptools\/."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2007.05.019","article-title":"Migration of bats past a remote island offers clues toward the problem of bat fatalities at wind turbines","volume":"139","author":"Cryan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Choe, J.C. (2019). Bat migration. Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cryan, P.M., Jameson, J.W., Baerwald, E.F., Willis, C.K.R., Barclay, R.M.R., Snider, E.A., and Crichton, E.G. (2012). Evidence of late-summer mating Readiness and early sexual maturation in migratory tree-roosting bats found dead at wind turbines. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047586"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esz044","article-title":"High frequency of multiple paternity in eastern red bats, Lasiurus borealis, based on microsatellite analysis","volume":"110","author":"Ammerman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3996\/042011-JFWM-027","article-title":"Patterns of acoustical activity of bats prior to and following white-nose syndrome occurrence","volume":"2","author":"Ford","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Fish. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1644\/09-MAMM-S-130R2.1","article-title":"Bats on the Move","volume":"90","author":"Voigt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solick, D.I., and Newman, C.M. (2021). Oceanic records of North American bats and implications for offshore wind energy development in the United States. Ecol. Evol.","DOI":"10.22541\/au.162625418.82472846\/v1"},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Ahlen, I., Bach, L., Baagoee, H.J., and Pettersson, J. (2007). Bats and Offshore Wind Turbines Studied in Southern Scandinavia."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corcoran, A.J., and Weller, T.J. (2018). Inconspicuous echolocation in hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus). Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 285.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.0441"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.0313","article-title":"Rain increases the energy cost of bat flight","volume":"7","author":"Voigt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voigt, C.C., Russo, D., Runkel, V., and Goerlitz, H.R. (2021). Limitations of acoustic monitoring at wind turbines to evaluate fatality risk of bats. Mamm. Rev.","DOI":"10.1111\/mam.12248"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2012.00244.x","article-title":"Do you hear what I hear? Implications of detector selection for acoustic monitoring of bats","volume":"3","author":"Hamilton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Dowling, Z.R. (2018). Not Gone with the Wind: Addressing Effects of Offshore Wind Development on Bat Species in the Northeastern United States. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Massachusetts]."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Farnsworth, A., Horton, K., Heist, K., Bridge, E., Diehl, R., Frick, W., Kelly, J., and Stepanian, P. (2021). The Role of Regional-Scale Weather Variables in Predicting Bat Mortality and Bat Acoustic Activity: Potential for Use in the Development of Smart Curtailment Algorithms, an AWWI Technical Report, American Wind and Wildlife Institute (AWWI)."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/11\/3146\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:25:35Z","timestamp":1760167535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/11\/3146"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11113146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11113146","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]}}}