{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:14:17Z","timestamp":1792671257786,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the feed additive, a novel multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifying agent (MMDA) containing modified zeolite (clinoptilolite), Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls, and silymarin, as detoxifiers of 0.5 mg\/kg (0.5 ppm) ochratoxin A (OTA) and 1 mg\/kg (1 ppm) T-2 toxin on broiler chickens. A total of 240 1-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly distributed into five different dietary treatments: (1) control (non-contaminated diet); (2) non contaminated diet + 3 g\/kg of MMDA; (3) non-contaminated diet + 0.5 mg\/kg OTA + 1 mg\/kg T-2 toxin; (4) non-contaminated diet + 0.5 mg\/kg OTA + 1 mg\/kg T-2 toxin + 1 g\/kg MMDA; and (5) non-contaminated diet + 0.5 mg\/kg OTA + 1 g\/kg T-2 toxin + 3 g\/kg MMDA. The results showed that, in the starter period, from 1 to 10 days, the presence of OTA and T-2 mycotoxins reduced the consumption of feed and the growth of the broilers, and no effects of the detoxifying product were observed in the productivity of the chickens, at any of the doses tested, compared to the contaminated control (treatment 3). However, in the growing period, the same negative effect of mycotoxins was registered, but a recovery was observed in the consumption of feed and in the weight of the broilers that consumed 3 g\/kg of the MMDA mycotoxin binder, reaching similar values to those of chickens fed uncontaminated control diets. The presence of mycotoxins in feed led to a reduction in the concentration of total proteins and albumin in blood compared to controls, and the presence of the detoxifying product partially reversed this effect. The breast yield of the chickens fed with mycotoxins was lower than that of the animals fed with the control feed and was not affected by the presence of the product tested, at 1 or 3 g\/kg. The weight of the different organs (liver, gizzard, kidneys, or spleen), the intestinal pH, the histology of the small intestine, and oral lesions were not affected by the experimental treatments. In summary, the productive parameters and some blood and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens were impaired by the dietary presence of OTA and T-2 toxin. The tested product included at 1 or 3 g\/kg feed in contaminated diets improved performance and seems to be effective in partly counteracting the deleterious effects of the tested mycotoxins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T09:19:21Z","timestamp":1636535961000},"page":"3205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effect of a Mycotoxin Binder (MMDA) on the Growth Performance, Blood and Carcass Characteristics of Broilers Fed Ochratoxin A and T-2 Mycotoxin Contaminated Diets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Insaf","family":"Riahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2830-8299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio J.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jog","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patent Co, DOO., Vlade Cetkovica IA, 24211 Subotica, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zdenka","family":"Jakov\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patent Co, DOO., Vlade Cetkovica IA, 24211 Subotica, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hunor","family":"Farka\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patent Co, DOO., Vlade Cetkovica IA, 24211 Subotica, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Vasiljevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patent Co, DOO., Vlade Cetkovica IA, 24211 Subotica, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9332-2425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria","family":"P\u00e9rez-Vendrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition Department, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA Mas Bov\u00e9), 43120 Constanti, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, M.-C., Madec, S., Coton, E., and Hymery, N. (2016). Natural Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Foods and Feeds and Their in vitro Combined Toxicological Effects. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8040094"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2071796","article-title":"Effects of Ochratoxin A on Livestock Production","volume":"2","author":"Battacone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"106","article-title":"Ochratoxin A: Occurrence and carry-over in meat and meat by-products. A review","volume":"37","author":"Tolosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"7","article-title":"European Commission Commission Recommendation of 17 August 2006 on the presence of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 and fumonisins inproducts intended for animal feeding","volume":"L299","author":"Kyprianou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Off. J. Eur. Union"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/0015-6264(81)90528-9","article-title":"The pharmacokinetic profiles of ochratoxin A in pigs, rabbits and chickens","volume":"19","author":"Galtier","year":"1981","journal-title":"Food Cosmet. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0611832","article-title":"Natural Occurrences of Ochratoxicosis in Poultry","volume":"61","author":"Hamilton","year":"1982","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450600817115","article-title":"Experimental ochratoxicosis in broiler chickens","volume":"35","author":"Elaroussi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(02)00234-5","article-title":"Studies on some feed additives giving partial protection against ochratoxin A toxicity in chicks","volume":"135","author":"Stoev","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2008.414.422","article-title":"Ochratoxicosis in Broiler Chickens: Functional and Histological Changes in Target Organs","volume":"7","author":"Elaroussi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12051","article-title":"Feeding a diet contaminated with ochratoxin A for broiler chickens at the maximum level recommended by the EU for poultry feeds (0.1 mg\/kg). 2. Effects on meat quality, oxidative stress, residues and histological traits","volume":"97","author":"Pozzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101037","article-title":"Ochatoxin A: Its impact on poultry health and microbiota, an overview","volume":"100","author":"Zhai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0521853","article-title":"The effects of T-2 toxin in broiler chickens","volume":"52","author":"Wyatt","year":"1973","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"43","article-title":"T-2 Toxin: Incidence and Toxicity in Poultry","volume":"59","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) (2011). Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in food and feed. EFSA J., 9, 2481.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.2481"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, H., Han, S., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Li, D., and Zhu, Q. (2020). T-2 Toxin Induces Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis and Cytoprotective Autophagy in Chicken Hepatocytes. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12020090"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0680622","article-title":"Individual and Combined Toxicity of Deoxynivalenol and T-2 Toxin in Broiler Chicks","volume":"68","author":"Kubena","year":"1989","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1637\/7021","article-title":"Evaluation of Two Mycotoxin Binders to Reduce Toxicity of Broiler Diets Containing Ochratoxin A and T-2 Toxin Contaminated Grain","volume":"47","author":"Avila","year":"2003","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00329","article-title":"Effects of combinations of ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin on immune function of yellow-feathered broiler chickens","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00609","article-title":"Immunopathological effects of ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin combination on broilers","volume":"89","author":"Xue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsiouris, V., Tassis, P., Raj, J., Mantzios, T., Kiskinis, K., Vasiljevi\u0107, M., Deli\u0107, N., Petridou, E., Brellou, G., and Polizopoulou, Z. (2021). Investigation of a Novel Multicomponent Mycotoxin Detoxifying Agent in Amelioration of Mycotoxicosis Induced by Aflatoxin-B1 and Ochratoxin A in Broiler Chicks. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13060367"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez535","article-title":"Assessment of H-\u03b2 zeolite as an ochratoxin binder for poultry","volume":"99","author":"Rajendran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vartiainen, S., Yiannikouris, A., Apajalahti, J., and Moran, C.A. (2020). Comprehensive Evaluation of the Efficiency of Yeast Cell Wall Extract to Adsorb Ochratoxin A and Mitigate Accumulation of the Toxin in Broiler Chickens. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12010037"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2020.104295","article-title":"Efficacy of a multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifying agent on concurrent exposure to zearalenone and T-2 mycotoxin in weaned pigs","volume":"242","author":"Raj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2021, November 09). Aviagen Ross 308 Broiler: Nutrition Specifications 2019. Available online: https:\/\/es.aviagen.com\/brands\/ross\/products\/ross-308."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riahi, I., Marquis, V., P\u00e9rez-Vendrell, A.M., Brufau, J., Esteve-Garcia, E., and Ramos, A.J. (2021). Effects of Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diets on Metabolic and Immunological Parameters in Broiler Chickens. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010147"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03305","article-title":"The effect of dietary calcium inclusion on broiler gastrointestinal pH: Quantification and method optimization","volume":"93","author":"Morgan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.3.531","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Copper Supplementation and Copper Source on Digesta pH, Calcium, Zinc, and Copper Complex Size in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Broiler Chicken","volume":"86","author":"Pang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2005-414","article-title":"Effects of spray-dried porcine plasma and plant extracts on intestinal morphology and on leukocyte cell subsets of weaned pigs1","volume":"84","author":"Manzanilla","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"86","article-title":"Effect of T-2 toxin on growth, performance and haematobiochemical alterations in broilers","volume":"44","author":"Pande","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Boil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev115","article-title":"Experimental pathology of T-2 toxicosis and mycoplasma infection on performance and hepatic functions of broiler chickens","volume":"94","author":"Manafi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S.A., Venancio, E.J., Ono, M.A., Fernandes, E.V., Hirooka, E.Y., Shimizu, C.F., Oba, A., Flaiban, K.K.M.C., and Itano, E.N. (2019). Effects of Subcutaneous Ochratoxin-A Exposure on Immune System of Broiler Chicks. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11050264"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.2307\/1590198","article-title":"Evaluation of the Heterophil\/Lymphocyte Ratio as a Measure of Stress in Chickens","volume":"27","author":"Gross","year":"1983","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.56093\/ijans.v85i3.47331","article-title":"Effect of varying levels of dietary ochratoxin a on the performance of broiler chickens","volume":"85","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.2298\/BAH1103705N","article-title":"Efficiency of various feed additives on the performance of broilers treated with T-2 toxin","volume":"27","author":"Nesic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotehnol. Anim. Husb."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0730408","article-title":"Influence of Ochratoxin A and Diacetoxyscirpenol Singly and in Combination on Broiler Chickens","volume":"73","author":"Kubena","year":"1994","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"42","article-title":"Effects of curcumin on performance, antioxidation, intestinal barrier and mitochondrial function in ducks fed corn contaminated with ochratoxin A","volume":"13","author":"Ruan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riahi, I., Marquis, V., Ramos, A.J., Brufau, J., Esteve-Garcia, E., and P\u00e9rez-Vendrell, A.M. (2020). Effects of Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diets on Productive, Morphological, and Physiological Indicators in Broiler Chickens. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101795"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/11\/3205\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:28:31Z","timestamp":1760167711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/11\/3205"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11113205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11113205","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]}}}