{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:53:28Z","timestamp":1791287608247,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present review aims toward a better understanding of the nutrition of newborn puppies and kittens. The post-natal period is very sensitive in dogs and cats, as in other animal species. During the first two weeks of life, puppies and kittens are at high risk of dehydration, hypothermia, and hypoglycemia, as well as infectious diseases as they start to acquire the physiological functions of the adult. Neonatal hepatic glycogen storage is low, and newborns depend on colostrum intake to survive. Colostrum provides immunoglobulins and other important substances such as lipids and carbohydrates. Immunoglobulins are central to the immunological link that occurs when the mother transfers passive immunity. The mechanism of transfer varies among mammalian species, but in this review, we focused our attention on dogs and cats. Furthermore, there are components of colostrum which, although their presence is not absolutely necessary, play an important role in nutrition. These components have received considerable interest because of their presumed safety and potential nutritional and therapeutic effects both in humans and animals; however, unfortunately, there are few recent studies in companion animals. Here, we have gathered the published articles that describe studies involving different species of animals, emphasizing companion animals. In particular, the purpose of this narrative of the nutritional and functional proprieties of queens\u2019 and bitches\u2019 colostrum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T08:19:20Z","timestamp":1636964360000},"page":"3260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Nutritional and Functional Properties of Colostrum in Puppies and Kittens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1178-4683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana","family":"Rossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety \u201cCarlo Cantoni\u201d-VESPA, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Elena Valdez","family":"Lumbreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety \u201cCarlo Cantoni\u201d-VESPA, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Vagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety \u201cCarlo Cantoni\u201d-VESPA, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2171-864X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Dell\u2019Anno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety \u201cCarlo Cantoni\u201d-VESPA, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6195-0179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentino","family":"Bontempo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety \u201cCarlo Cantoni\u201d-VESPA, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.04.019","article-title":"Neonatal and pediatric care of the puppy and kitten","volume":"70","author":"Lawler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-33473","article-title":"Leptin treatment during the neonatal period is associated with higher food intake and adult body weight in rats","volume":"34","author":"Cravo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"180","article-title":"Research regarding the lactating period of the bitch","volume":"55","author":"Hoha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lucr. \u015etiin\u0163ifice Ser. Zooteh."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"305","article-title":"Lactation and the Growth of the Young","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Blaxter","year":"1961","journal-title":"Milk: The Mammary Gland and Its Secret"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1995.tb02753.x","article-title":"Bodyweight and feed intake of German shepherd bitches during pregnancy and lactation","volume":"36","author":"Schroeder","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12830","article-title":"Canine and feline colostrum","volume":"52","author":"Aggouni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, F.O. (2011). Prenatal care of the bitch and queen. Small Anim. Pediatrics, 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-4889-3.00001-2"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12102","article-title":"Food intake and nutrition during pregnancy, lactation and weaning in the dam and offspring","volume":"47","author":"Fontaine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-007-8032-3","article-title":"Host factors in amniotic fluid and breast milk that contribute to gut maturation","volume":"34","author":"Wagner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1381870","article-title":"Nutritional considerations for optimal puppy growth","volume":"22","author":"Elliott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Focus"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.618","article-title":"Dimensions and histologic characteristics of the small intestine of dogs during postnatal development","volume":"64","author":"Paulsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(00)00189-5","article-title":"Feline colonic morphology and mucosal tissue energetics as influenced via the source of dietary fiber","volume":"20","author":"Bueno","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198406000-00005","article-title":"Colostrum-induced enteric mucosal growth in beagle puppies","volume":"18","author":"Heird","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2019.06.012","article-title":"Passive immune transfer in puppies","volume":"207","author":"Chastant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2009.09.009","article-title":"Why does meconium cause meconium aspiration syndrome? Current concepts of MAS pathophysiology","volume":"85","year":"2009","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Steel, C. (2003). Physiology of Domestic Animals, Scandinavian Veterinary Press."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.05.001","article-title":"Inadequate passive immune transfer in puppies: Definition, risk factors and prevention in a large multi-breed kennel","volume":"116","author":"Mila","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.12944\/CRNFSJ.1.1.04","article-title":"Colostrum\u2013its Composition, Benefits as a Nutraceutical\u2013A Review","volume":"1","author":"Godhia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Nutr. Food Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(02)00373-1","article-title":"Colostrum and its benefits: A review","volume":"22","author":"Uruakpa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.7.1973S","article-title":"Retrospective study on the energy requirements of adult colony cats","volume":"136","author":"Kienzle","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopate, C. (2012). Management of Pregnant and Neonatal Dogs, Cats, and Exotic Pets, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118997215"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1997.58.04.370","article-title":"Changes in nutrient and protein composition of cat milk during lactation","volume":"58","author":"Adkins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1266","article-title":"Changes in protein and nutrient composition of milk throughout lactation in dogs","volume":"62","author":"Adkins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livprodsci.2005.10.008","article-title":"Present knowledge and unexpected behaviours of vitamins A and E in colostrum and milk","volume":"98","author":"Debier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Hand, M.S., and Lewis, L.D. (2000). Small Animal Clinical Nutrition, Mark Morris Institute. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coates, P.M., Blackman, M., Betz, J.M., Cragg, G.M., Levine, M.A., Moss, J., and White, J.D. (2010). Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b14669"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12859","article-title":"Vitamin D status is seasonally stable in northern European dogs","volume":"49","author":"Hurst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zafalon, R.V.A., Ruberti, B., Rentas, M.F., Amaral, A.R., Vendramini, T.H.A., Chacar, F.C., Kogika, M.M., and Brunetto, M.A. (2020). The Role of Vitamin D in Small Animal Bone Metabolism. Metabolites, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10120496"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wooding, P., and Burton, G. (2008). Endotheliochorial Placentation: Cat, Dog, Bat. Comparative Placentation: Strucures, Functions and Evolution, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78797-6"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Hand, M.S., Thatcher, C.D., Remillard, R.L., and Roudebush, P. (2000). Body Weights and Feeding Guides for Growing Dogs and Cats. Small Animal Clinical Nutrition, Mark Morris Institute. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1995.tb02949.x","article-title":"Normal Handling of Diets Are All Dogs Created Equal","volume":"36","author":"Zentek","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Arnaud, S. (2004). Allaitement Artificiel du Chiot Orphelin et Troubles du Comportement. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Nantes]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1991.52.08.1221","article-title":"Use of Adult Dog Serum as a Substitute for Colostrum in the Neonatal Dog","volume":"52","author":"Poffenbarger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12008","article-title":"Timing of the Intestinal Barrier Closure in Puppies","volume":"47","author":"Freyburger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Voldoire, E. (2002). Physiologie et Pathologie N\u00e9onatales du Chiot de Moins de Quinze Jours. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1644\/08-MAMM-A-071.1","article-title":"Differences in the Composition of Colostrum and Milk in Eutherians Reflect Differences in Immunoglobulin Transfer","volume":"90","author":"Langer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01153","article-title":"The immature gut barrier and its importance in establishing immunity in newborn mammals","volume":"11","author":"Pierzynowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.969","article-title":"Evaluation of treatment of colostrum-deprived kittens with equine IgG","volume":"64","author":"Crawford","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Buddington, R.K. (1996). Structure and functions of the dog and cat intestine. Recent advances in Canine and Feline Nutritional Research: Proceedings of the 1996 Lams International Nutrition Symposium, Orange Frazer Press."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2007.03.001","article-title":"Transmission of antibodies from mother to young: Evolutionary strategies in a proteolytic environment","volume":"117","author":"Baintner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1515\/jcim-2014-0039","article-title":"Bovine colostrum: An emerging nutraceutical","volume":"12","author":"Bagwe","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Complementary Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"16","article-title":"Nutritional importance of colostrum in different farm animals-A Critical","volume":"2","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Case, L.P., Daristotle, L., Hayek, M.G., and Raasch, M.F. (2011). Chapter 21: Pregnancy and Lactation. Canine and Feline Nutrition 3, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-06619-8.10004-0"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.11.1653","article-title":"Transfer of colostral antibodies from queens to their kittens","volume":"57","author":"Casal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3040442","article-title":"Perspectives on immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk","volume":"3","author":"Hurley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8998","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.13.8998","article-title":"Nonvectorial surface transport, endocytosis via a di-leucine-based motif, and bidirectional transcytosis of chimera encoding the cytosolic tail of rat FcRn expressed in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells","volume":"274","author":"Stefaner","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9698","DOI":"10.1021\/bi000749m","article-title":"Crystal structure and immunoglobulin G binding properties of the human major histocompatibility complex-related Fc receptor","volume":"39","author":"West","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-6946(97)00022-8","article-title":"Growth factors and antimicrobial factors of bovine colostrum","volume":"7","author":"Pakkanen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73791-6","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-I and its binding proteins in colostrum compared to measures in serum of Holstein neonates","volume":"86","author":"Sparks","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Stoji\u0107, V., Stevanovi\u0107, J., and Kirovski, D. (2000). Effect of colostrum on immunity of newborn domestic mammals during the first days of life. Veterinarski Glasnik 54 (3\/4), 93\u2013106."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(00)00222-0","article-title":"Colostrum effects on the gastrointestinal tract, and on nutritional, endocrine and metabolic parameters in neonatal calves","volume":"66","author":"Blum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.7.1284","article-title":"Colostrum enhances the nutritional stimulation of vital organ protein synthesis in neonatal pigs","volume":"127","author":"Burrin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.1.5","article-title":"Colostrum and milk-derived peptide growth factors for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"72","author":"Playford","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/60.6.879","article-title":"Effects of Feeding on the Small-Intestinal Mucosa of Beagle Pups During the First 5 d of Life","volume":"60","author":"Schwarz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2006.06.001","article-title":"Bioactivity of beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin - Technological implications for processing","volume":"16","author":"Chatterton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.110896","article-title":"Comparison of the Efficacy of Alpha-Lactalbumin from Equine, Bovine, and Human Milk in the Growth of Intestinal IEC-6 Cells","volume":"76","author":"Xijier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e293","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.13-5-e293","article-title":"Protective Proteins in Mammalian Milks: Lactoferrin Steps Forward","volume":"13","author":"Sherman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neoreviwes"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5928","article-title":"Biological components in a standardized derivative of bovine colostrum","volume":"96","author":"Sacerdote","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.385","article-title":"Intestinal hormones and growth factors: Effects on the small intestine","volume":"15","author":"Drozdowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"8","article-title":"Benefits of feeding bovine colostrum in variety of species","volume":"12","author":"Bharti","year":"2012","journal-title":"North-East Vet."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2007.6","article-title":"The immune geography of IgA induction and function","volume":"1","author":"Macpherson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mucosal. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01246.2009","article-title":"IGF is\/is not the major physiological regulator of muscle mass","volume":"108","author":"Stewart","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-005-0179-8","article-title":"Protein metabolism and strength performance after bovine colostrum supplementation","volume":"28","author":"Mero","year":"2005","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2006.06.006","article-title":"Milk growth factors as health products: Some technological aspects","volume":"16","author":"Pouliot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wynn, P.C. (2013). Minor Proteins, Including Growth Factors. Advanced Dairy Chemistry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4714-6_11"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(01)00201-9","article-title":"Regulation of colostrogenesis in cattle","volume":"70","author":"Barrington","year":"2001","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0739-7240(02)00122-4","article-title":"Feeding different amounts of colostrum or only milk replacer modify receptors of intestinal insulin-like growth factors and insulin in neonatal calves","volume":"22","author":"Hammon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1159\/000243995","article-title":"Effect of Preclosure Colostrum Intake on the Development of the Intestinal Epithelium of Artificially Reared Piglets","volume":"64","author":"Kelly","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biol. Neonate"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1206-1512","article-title":"Antibiotics\u2014An investment worth making?","volume":"24","author":"Christoffersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1206-1497","article-title":"Antibacterial discovery and development\u2014The failure of success?","volume":"24","author":"Fernandes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2007.08.004","article-title":"Colostrum from different mammalian species - A rich source of colostrinin","volume":"18","author":"Sokolowska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014881913541","article-title":"Oligosaccharides of milk and colostrum in non-human mammals","volume":"18","author":"Urashima","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glycoconj. J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.04.027","article-title":"Anti-infective bovine colostrum oligosaccharides: Campylobacter jejuni as a case study","volume":"157","author":"Lane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00288.x","article-title":"Inhibition of adhesion of Clostridium difficile to Caco-2 cells","volume":"14","author":"Naaber","year":"1996","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2010.03.008","article-title":"Nursing our microbiota: Molecular linkages between bifidobacteria and milk oligosaccharides","volume":"18","author":"Sela","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/02813430600638227","article-title":"Clinical course of suspected viral sore throat in young adults: Cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Lindbaek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand. J. Prim. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.6.1397","article-title":"Glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition in very-low-birth-weight infants and effects on feeding tolerance and infectious morbidity: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"81","author":"Westerbeek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00553.2006","article-title":"Effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on immune variables in highly trained cyclists","volume":"102","author":"Shing","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.16.1.47","article-title":"The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on salivary IgA in distance runners","volume":"16","author":"Crooks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"103","article-title":"Protective effects of bovine colostrum on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced intestinal damage in rats","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029906002093","article-title":"Biological activity of bovine milk on proliferation of human intestinal cells","volume":"74","author":"Purup","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200900593","article-title":"Protective effects of bovine colostrum acid proteins on bone loss of ovariectomized rats and the ingredients identification","volume":"55","author":"Du","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2045-0648.2012.00182.x","article-title":"Kitten nutrition","volume":"27","author":"Sheridan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Nurs. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1080\/10408690490911756","article-title":"Milk biologically active components as nutraceuticals","volume":"45","author":"Wenshui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"5","article-title":"Colostrum vs vaccination for influenza prevention","volume":"1586","author":"Cesarone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inpharma"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP45193","article-title":"Bovine colostrum as a biologic in clinical medicine: Review","volume":"45","author":"Struff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2006.01.001","article-title":"Immunoglobulin concentrations in feline colostrum and milk, and the requirement of colostrum for passive transfer of immunity to neonatal kittens","volume":"8","author":"Claus","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.219.1401","article-title":"Use of adult cat serum to correct failure of passive transfer in kittens","volume":"219","author":"Levy","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med Assoc."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.2.233","article-title":"Effect of metoclopramide treatment of bitches during the first week of lactation on serum prolactin concentration, milk composition, and milk yield and on weight gain of their puppies","volume":"79","author":"Keller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moura, E., and Pimp\u00e3o, C.T. (2017). Cleft Lip and Palate in the Dog: Medical and Genetic Aspects. Designing Strategies for Cleft Lip and Palate Care, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/67049"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"1","article-title":"Feline neonatal isoerythrolysis and the importance of feline blood types","volume":"2010","author":"Pastor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)31031-X","article-title":"Diagnostic and therapeutic checklists. Neonatal diseases of dogs and cats","volume":"138","author":"Fisher","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.8.2126S","article-title":"Benefits of bovine colostrum on fecal quality in recently weaned puppies","volume":"134","author":"Giffard","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"451","article-title":"A review of Neonatal mortality in Dogs","volume":"4","author":"Ogbu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(99)00038-9","article-title":"How newborn mammals cope with hypoxia","volume":"116","author":"Mortola","year":"1999","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Touzeau, N. (2000). Induction de la Parturition de la Chienne par une Mol\u00e9cule Antiprogest\u00e9rone: L\u2018Agl\u00e9pristone. [Ph.D. Thesis, The College of Veterinary Medicine]."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1136\/inp.e4125","article-title":"Fading puppies\u2013Reality or myth?","volume":"34","author":"Blunden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Practice"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"1","article-title":"Thermal homeostasis in the newborn puppy: Behavioral and physiological responses","volume":"9","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"221","article-title":"Estr\u00e9s Oxidativo en la Asfixia Perinatal y la Encefalopat\u00eda Hip\u00f3xico-Isqu\u00e9mica","volume":"88","author":"Nunez","year":"2018","journal-title":"An. De Pediatr\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2013.08.002","article-title":"Importance of Maintaining the Newly Born Temperature in the Normal Range from Delivery to Admission","volume":"18","author":"Chitty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"S8","article-title":"Changes of Jugular Blood-Ph, Blood-Gases and Base Excess and Body-Temperature of Newborn Pups During the 1st Few Hours After Birth","volume":"111","author":"Vanderweyden","year":"1986","journal-title":"Tijdschr. Voor Diergeneeskd."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"5","article-title":"The process of anoxic death in newborn pups","volume":"99","author":"Swann","year":"1954","journal-title":"Surg. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2008.01.004","article-title":"Pediatric fluid therapy","volume":"38","author":"Macintire","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"1601","article-title":"Canine neonatology. Part 1. Physiologic differences between puppies and adults","volume":"12","author":"Poffenbarger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Davidson, A.P. (2003). Approaches to Reducing Neonatal Mortality in Dogs. Recent Advances in Small Animal Reproduction, International Veterinary Information Service."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"England, G.C.W., and Heimendahl, A.V. (2010). BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Reproduction and Neonatology, British Small Animal Vetiranry Associaion."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"1","article-title":"Feline pediatrics: How to treat the small and the sick","volume":"33","author":"Little","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Vet."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2004.10.004","article-title":"Pediatric emergencies","volume":"35","author":"McMichael","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(01)50209-0","article-title":"Neonatal critical care","volume":"31","author":"Moon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Hoskins, J.D. (2001). Veterinary Pediatrics, Elsevier Sci. Ltd."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"353","article-title":"Pediatric critical care medicine: Specific syndromes","volume":"22","author":"McMichael","year":"2000","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casal, M. (2010). Clinical Approach to Neonatal Conditions, British Small Animal Vetiranry Associaion.","DOI":"10.22233\/9781905319541.16"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"158","article-title":"The problems faced in puppies and kittens during the neonatal period","volume":"8","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atat\u00fcrk \u00dcniversitesi Vet. Bilimleri Derg."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"Grandjean, D., Pierson, P., Rivi\u00e8re, S., Grellet, A., Boogaerts, C., Colliard, L., Thorel, J., Overall, K., and Zabel, U. (2009). Practical Guide to Dog Breeding, Royal Canin. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1999.tb01295.x","article-title":"Storage of human milk and the influence of procedures on immunological components of human milk","volume":"88","author":"Lawrence","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12824","article-title":"Natural and artificial hyperimmune solutions: Impact on health in puppies","volume":"52","author":"Mila","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"62","article-title":"Passive protection of dogs against clinical disease due to Canine parvovirus-2 by specific antibody from chicken egg yolk","volume":"70","author":"Umeda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"53","article-title":"Effect of feeding hyperimmunized egg powder on indices of gastrointestinal stress in exercising puppies","volume":"28","author":"Reynolds","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. North Am. Ed."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0898-728","article-title":"Nutraceuticals: Poised for a healthy slice of the healthcare market?","volume":"16","author":"Brower","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Playford, R.J., and Weiser, M.J. (2021). Bovine colostrum: Its constituents and uses. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010265"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.675712","article-title":"Supplementation of diets with bovine colostrum influences immune and gut function in kittens","volume":"8","author":"Gore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328328d13e","article-title":"Nutritional roles of Lactoferrin","volume":"12","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.12.2641S","article-title":"Dietary flaxseed in dogs results in differential transport and metabolism of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"128","author":"Bauer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7827(83)90004-8","article-title":"Chemistry and metabolism of lipids in the vertebrate retina","volume":"22","author":"Fliesler","year":"1983","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2006.may.S24-S33","article-title":"Nutrition in brain development and aging: Role of essential fatty acids","volume":"64","author":"Uauy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"1960","article-title":"Long-Chain (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Are More Efficient than apha- Linolenic Acid in Improving Electroretinogram Responses of Puppies Exposed during Gestation, Lactation, and Weaning","volume":"135","author":"Heinemann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.12.3581","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid is a strong inhibitor of prostaglandin but not leukotriene biosynthesis","volume":"80","author":"Corey","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112261","article-title":"Metabolism and Effects on Platelet-Function of the Purified Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids in Humans","volume":"76","author":"Vonschacky","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.05.041","article-title":"Effect of dietary modulation of intestinal microbiota on reproduction and early growth","volume":"70","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.570414","article-title":"Pre-and probiotics to increase the immune power of colostrum in dogs","volume":"7","author":"Alonge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00417","article-title":"A biotic support during pregnancy to strengthen the gastrointestinal performance in puppies","volume":"7","author":"Melandri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.250.5.519","article-title":"Use of probiotics in small animal veterinary medicine","volume":"250","author":"Jugan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/11\/3260\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:30:16Z","timestamp":1760167816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/11\/3260"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11113260"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11113260","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]}}}