{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:42:04Z","timestamp":1791862924070,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anthropomorphic practices are increasing worldwide. Anthropomorphism is defined as the tendency to attribute human forms, behaviors, and emotions to non-human animals or objects. Anthropomorphism is particularly relevant for companion animals. Some anthropomorphic practices can be beneficial to them, whilst others can be very detrimental. Some anthropomorphic behaviors compromise the welfare and physiology of animals by interfering with thermoregulation, while others can produce dehydration due to the loss of body water, a condition that brings undesirable consequences such as high compensatory blood pressure and heat shock, even death, depending on the intensity and frequency of an animal\u2019s exposure to these stressors. Malnutrition is a factor observed due to consumption of junk food or an imbalance in caloric proportions. This can cause obesity in pets that may have repercussions on their locomotor apparatus. Intense human\u2013animal interaction can also lead to the establishment of attachment that impacts the mental state and behavior of animals, making them prone to develop aggression, fear, or anxiety separation syndrome. Another aspect is applying cosmetics to pets, though scientific studies have not yet determined whether cosmetic products such as coat dyes, nail polish, and lotions are beneficial or harmful for the animals, or to what extent. The cohabitation of animals in people\u2019s homes can also constitute a public health risk due to infectious and zoonotic diseases. In this context, this paper aims to analyze the adverse effects of anthropomorphism on the welfare of companion animals from several angles\u2014physiological, sanitary, and behavioral\u2014based on a discussion of current scientific findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T08:19:20Z","timestamp":1636964360000},"page":"3263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Anthropomorphism and Its Adverse Effects on the Distress and Welfare of Companion Animals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0562-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Mota-Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7127-4680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Mariti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Zdeinert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Riggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8153-8210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Mora-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54714, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alondra","family":"del Mar Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9649-2027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Gazzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1584-0654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0084-8135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Lezama-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Jos\u00e9-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4271-2906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismael","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1valos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitl\u00e1n, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54714, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Runehov, A., and Oviedo, L. (2013). Anthropomorphism. Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8265-8"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sueur, C., Forin-Wiart, M.-A., and Pel\u00e9, M. (2020). Are They Really Trying to Save Their Buddy? The Anthropomorphism of Animal Epimeletic Behaviours. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202011.0425.v1"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darwin, C. (1993). The expression of the emotions in man and animals (1872). The Portable Darwin, CiNii\u2014National Institute of Informatics.","DOI":"10.1037\/10001-000"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3920\/JIFF2019.x004","article-title":"Welfare of farmed insects","volume":"5","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Insects Food Feed"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1108\/01439911211268840","article-title":"Anthropomorphism and service humanoid robots: An ambiguous relationship","volume":"39","author":"Tondu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Robot Int. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2015.08.011","article-title":"The mind behind anthropomorphic thinking: Attribution of mental states to other species","volume":"109","author":"Kotrschal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijvsm.2018.07.003","article-title":"Teaching animal welfare in veterinary schools in Latin America","volume":"6","author":"Orihuela","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2752\/089279307780216650","article-title":"Naturalizing Anthropomorphism: Behavioral Prompts to Our Humanizing of Animals","volume":"20","author":"Horowitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anthrozoos"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14677","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820653116","article-title":"Evolution of facial muscle anatomy in dogs","volume":"116","author":"Kaminski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2018.01.008","article-title":"Animal emotion: Descriptive and prescriptive definitions and their implications for a comparative perspective","volume":"205","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1163\/25889567-12340019","article-title":"The Relevance of Shame in Dog-Human Relationships","volume":"2","author":"Oftedal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Ethics Res."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"D\u00edaz Videla, M., and Olarte, A. (2017). El antropomorfismo en la relaci\u00f3n humano-perro de compa\u00f1\u00eda: \u00bfRecurso o indicador de patolog\u00eda?. Antrozoolog\u00eda. Potencial Recurso de Intervenci\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica, Editorial de la Universidad de Flores."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.31893\/jabb.20026","article-title":"Effects of human-animal relationship on animal productivity and welfare","volume":"8","author":"Broom","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"283","article-title":"Si no es un hijo, entonces \u00bfqu\u00e9? Otras relaciones para ser-hacer familia a partir de la elecci\u00f3n de no repro-ducci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica masculina en la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico","volume":"6","author":"Saucedo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Ciencias Soc Humanidades A\u00f1o"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pet Humanisation: What is it and Does it Influence Purchasing Behaviour?","volume":"5","author":"Forbes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"50","article-title":"Vegetarian petfoods","volume":"51","author":"Beynen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Creat. Companion"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(95)01008-4","article-title":"Owner characteristics and interactions and the prevalence of canine behaviour problems","volume":"47","author":"Jagoe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2012.02.010","article-title":"Mangy mutt or furry friend? Anthropomorphism promotes animal welfare","volume":"48","author":"Butterfield","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"109","article-title":"Estructura histol\u00f3gica normal de la piel del perro (Estado del arte)","volume":"1","author":"Castellanos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Vet. (Bogota)"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180860","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.180860","article-title":"Assessing the accumulated stickiness magnitude from fabric\u2013skin friction: Effect of wetness level of various fabrics","volume":"5","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Bradley, G. (2014). Thermoregulation. Cunningham\u2019s Textbook of Veterinary Physiology, Elsevier Espa\u00f1a SL."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2017.1367457","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Heatstroke in Dogs\u2014Revisited","volume":"4","author":"Bruchim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Foley, C. (2021, July 06). How to Prevent Heat Stroke in Dogs\u2014Whole Dog Journal. Available online: https:\/\/www.whole-dog-journal.com\/care\/how-to-prevent-heat-stroke-in-dogs\/."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2020.102664","article-title":"Advances in infrared thermography: Surgical aspects, vascular changes, and pain monitoring in veterinary medicine","volume":"92","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"2112","article-title":"Hypothermia in newly born piglets: Mechanisms of thermoregulation and pathophysiology of death","volume":"9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Behav. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.30972\/vet.252510","article-title":"Influencia de la temperatura ambiental sobre la presi\u00f3n arterial del perro","volume":"25","author":"Cainzos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Vet."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neurobiology and modulation of stress- induced hyperthermia and fever in animals","volume":"11","author":"Boscato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Abanico. Vet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2008.07.011","article-title":"Pathological Findings in Dogs with Fatal Heatstroke","volume":"140","author":"Bruchim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Thermal homeostasis in the newborn puppy: Behavioral and physiological responses","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Holiday, B. (2021, July 06). Why you Shouldn\u2019t Carry Your Small Dog. Available online: https:\/\/holidaybarn.com\/blog\/dangers-of-carrying-your-small-dog\/."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1987.tb01984.x","article-title":"Pathophysiologic basis of canine muscle disorders","volume":"1","author":"Shelton","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Aristizabal, E. (2015). An\u00e1lisis Cin\u00e9tico de la Locomoci\u00f3n en Perros Como Metodolog\u00eda Diagn\u00f3stica de Enfermedades Ortop\u00e9dicas, Informe de Pr\u00e1ctica Rotatoria."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.63.6.2269","article-title":"Regional distribution of blood flow of dogs during graded dynamic exercise","volume":"63","author":"Musch","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678308992869","article-title":"Bone blood flow in conscious dogs at rest and during exercise","volume":"54","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12362","article-title":"Comparison of the large muscle group widths of the pelvic limb in seven breeds of dogs","volume":"47","author":"Sabanci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anat. Histol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Thomas, L. (2021, September 16). Causas de la Atrofia Muscular en Perros. Available online: https:\/\/myanimals.com\/es\/causas-atrofia-muscular-perros\/."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, D.A., Harkin, K.R., Roush, J.K., Renberg, W.C., and Biller, D. (2020). Fortetropin inhibits disuse muscle atrophy in dogs after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231306"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199519020-00003","article-title":"Exercise and Bone Mineral Density","volume":"19","author":"Chilibeck","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-935X(05)43399-7","article-title":"Cart\u00edlago articular normal: Anatom\u00eda, fisiolog\u00eda, metabolismo y envejecimiento","volume":"38","author":"Chevalier","year":"2005","journal-title":"EMC Apar. Locomot."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millis, D.L., Levine, D., and Taylor, R.A. (2004). Responses of Musculoskeletal Tissues to Disuse and Remobilization. Canine Rehabilitation & Physical Therapy, W.B. Saunders.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7216-9555-6.50011-5"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldn025","article-title":"Articular cartilage: Structure, injuries and review of management","volume":"87","author":"Bhosale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Miller, W.H., Griffin, C.E., and Campbell, K.L. (2012). Muller & Kirk\u2019s Small Animal Dermatology, Elsevier. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Viasus, P. (2020). Patitas: Sistemas Termosensibles de Prevenci\u00f3n, Cuidado y Recuperaci\u00f3n de Lesiones en Animales de Compa\u00f1\u00eda Caninos. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Bogot\u00e1]."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"De Vecchi, S. (2018). La Alimentaci\u00f3n del Perro, De Vecchi Ediciones."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2007.00794.x","article-title":"Effects of six carbohydrate sources on dog diet digestibility and post-prandial glucose and insulin response","volume":"92","author":"Carciofi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2010.01.009","article-title":"Digestibility and metabolizable energy of some carbohydrate sources for dogs","volume":"156","author":"Fortes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11837","article-title":"The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet","volume":"495","author":"Axelsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2016.48","article-title":"Diet adaptation in dog reflects spread of prehistoric agriculture","volume":"117","author":"Arendt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Herwijnen, I.R., Corbee, R.J., Endenburg, N., Beerda, B., and van der Borg, J.A. (2020). Permissive parenting of the dog associates with dog overweight in a survey among 2303 Dutch dog owners. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237429"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2006.08.010","article-title":"Taurine and Carnitine in Canine Cardiomyopathy","volume":"36","author":"Sanderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Overgaauw, P.A.M., Vinke, C.M., van Hagen, M.A.E., and Lipman, L.J.A. (2020). A One Health Perspective on the Human\u2013Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113789"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, A., and Leitsberger, M. (2016). Vegetarian versus Meat-Based Diets for Companion Animals. Animals, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani6090057"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zafalon, R.V.A., Risolia, L.W., Vendramini, T.H.A., Ayres Rodrigues, R.B., Pedrinelli, V., Teixeira, F.A., Rentas, M.F., Perini, M.P., Alvarenga, I.C., and Brunetto, M.A. (2020). Nutritional inadequacies in commercial vegan foods for dogs and cats. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227046"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Laverde, H.J. (2018). Actualizaci\u00f3n de las Principales Dermotopat\u00edas en Perros y Gatos Diagn\u00f3stico y Tratamiento. [Diploma Thesis, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales]."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.12.2783S","article-title":"Diet and Skin Disease in Dogs and Cats","volume":"128","author":"Watson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3164.2000.00202.x","article-title":"Effects of zinc and linoleic acid supplementation on the skin and coat quality of dogs receiving a complete and balanced diet","volume":"11","author":"Marsh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Cao, M. (2014). How owners\u2019 anthropomorphic tendencies associated with their feeding method towards their pets, and ultimately influence the pets\u2019 weight status, Wageningen University."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.7.1940S","article-title":"The Growing Problem of Obesity in Dogs and Cats","volume":"136","author":"German","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2019.02.014","article-title":"Attachment styles in dogs and their relationship with separation-related disorder\u2014A questionnaire based clustering","volume":"213","author":"Konok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"195","article-title":"The epidemic of canine obesity and its role in osteoarthritis","volume":"67","author":"Sanderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Isr. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.01.013","article-title":"Dog obesity: Veterinary practices\u2019 and owners\u2019 opinions on cause and management","volume":"94","author":"Bland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2007.04.015","article-title":"Further evidence for leptin involvement in cartilage homeostases","volume":"15","author":"Gualillo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-010-9348-7","article-title":"The effect of weight loss on lameness in obese dogs with osteoarthritis","volume":"34","author":"Marshall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.182","article-title":"Effects of a nutritional supplement in dogs affected by osteoarthritis","volume":"5","author":"Musco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.15654\/TPK-180690","article-title":"Multimodale Therapie der kaninen Osteoarthritis\u2014Aktueller Stand und neue Optionen","volume":"46","author":"Diehm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tier\u00e4rztliche Prax Ausgabe K Kleintiere \/ Heimtiere"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201302600331","article-title":"Expression of Gelatinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) in Human Articular Cartilage","volume":"26","author":"Lipari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.18831.1","article-title":"IL-1 in osteoarthritis: Time for a critical review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Vincent","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01266","article-title":"The Effects of Nutrition on the Gastrointestinal Microbiome of Cats and Dogs: Impact on Health and Disease","volume":"11","author":"Wernimont","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Focus on nutrition: Home-prepared diets for dogs and cats","volume":"35","author":"Weeth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compendium"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.2304\/gsch.2013.3.4.380","article-title":"Situating Hong Kong Pet-Dog-Child Figures within Colonialist Flows and Disjunctures","volume":"3","author":"Blaise","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Stud. Child."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2006.09.033","article-title":"The price of unconditional love: Consumer decision making for high-dollar veterinary care","volume":"61","author":"Brockman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"140","article-title":"Los m\u00e9todos alternativos en el estudio de la seguridad de cosm\u00e9ticos","volume":"31","author":"Borras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1702.101070","article-title":"Zoonoses in the Bedroom","volume":"17","author":"Chomel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12113","article-title":"Hemolytic anemia after ingestion of the natural hair dye Lawsonia inermis (henna) in a dog","volume":"23","author":"Jardes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"114","article-title":"Orthogonal experiment design to optimize the pet dog dyeing condition of Musa basjoo Siebold (MBS) & Lithospermum erythrorhizon (LE) mixed hair dye","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Plant"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Buehler, J. (2021, September 16). Dogs Really Can Smell Your Fear. Available online: https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/2150956-dogs-really-can-smell-your-fear-and-then-they-get-scared-too\/."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2014.02.011","article-title":"Scent of the familiar: An fMRI study of canine brain responses to familiar and unfamiliar human and dog odors","volume":"110","author":"Berns","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Process."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200203080-00005","article-title":"Nail cosmetics: Allergies and irritations","volume":"3","author":"Baran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12841","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b04495","article-title":"Phthalate and Organophosphate Plasticizers in Nail Polish: Evaluation of Labels and Ingredients","volume":"52","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2752\/175303710X12750451258931","article-title":"The Relationship between empathy, perception of pain and attitudes toward pets among Norwegian dog owners","volume":"23","author":"Ellingsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anthrozoos"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2014.11.003","article-title":"Hot dogs: Thermography in the assessment of stress in dogs (Canis familiaris)\u2014A pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Travain","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(05)80121-2","article-title":"Is there a relationship between canine behavior problems and spoiling activities, anthropomorphism, and obedience training?","volume":"34","author":"Voith","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horowitz, A. (2014). Canine welfare science: An antidote to sentiment and myth. Domestic Dog Cognition and Behavior: The Scientific Study of Canis Familiaris, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-53994-7"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930701273716","article-title":"Secondary emotions in non-primate species? Behavioural reports and subjective claims by animal owners","volume":"22","author":"Morris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.02.015","article-title":"Behavioral assessment and owner perceptions of behaviors associated with guilt in dogs","volume":"139","author":"Hecht","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"1002","article-title":"Do mischievous dogs reveal their \u201cguilt\u201d?","volume":"72","author":"Vollmer","year":"1977","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2009.03.014","article-title":"Disambiguating the \u201cguilty look\u201d: Salient prompts to a familiar dog behaviour","volume":"81","author":"Horowitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Process."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1163\/156853099X00130","article-title":"Good Dog: Aspects of humans\u2019 causal attributions for a companion animal\u2019s ocial behavior","volume":"7","author":"Rajecki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soc. Anim."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1163\/1568539X-00003095","article-title":"Owners as a secure base for their dogs","volume":"150","author":"Mariti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2018.1517812","article-title":"Attachment security in companion dogs: Adaptation of Ainsworth\u2019s strange situation and classification procedures to dogs and their human caregivers","volume":"21","author":"Solomon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Attach. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"17","article-title":"A mini review on the dog-owner attachment bond and its implications in veterinary clinical ethology","volume":"6","author":"Riggio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dog. Behav."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riggio, G., Gazzano, A., Zsil\u00e1k, B., Carlone, B., and Mariti, C. (2020). Quantitative behavioral analysis and qualitative classification of attachment styles in comestic dogs: Are dogs with a secure and an Insecure-Avoidant attachment different?. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010014"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2000.28.2.157","article-title":"Self-reported attachment style, anxiety, and depression in children","volume":"28","author":"Muris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soc. Behav. Pers. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12051","article-title":"Linking lack of care in childhood to anxiety disorders in emerging adulthood: The role of attachment styles","volume":"20","author":"Schimmenti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-019-00299-9","article-title":"The relation between attachment and depression in children and adolescents: A multilevel meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Spruit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670802607139","article-title":"Adult attachment styles in panic disorder with and without comorbid adult separation anxiety disorder","volume":"43","author":"Manicavasagar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaver, P.R., and Mikulincer, M. (2010). Attachment, anger, and aggression. Human Aggression and Violence: Causes, Manifestations, and Consequences, American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/12346-000"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102187","article-title":"Attachment in OCD: A meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Luyten","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Landsberg, G., Hunthausen, W., and Ackerman, L. (2011). Behavior Problems of the Dog and Cat, Saunders Elsevier. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2017.10.008","article-title":"Facial dog bite injuries in children: A case report","volume":"41","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00257","article-title":"Teaching children and parents to understand dog signaling","volume":"5","author":"Meints","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7248.1512","article-title":"Preventing dog bites in children: Randomised controlled trial of an educational intervention","volume":"320","author":"Chapman","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.10038","article-title":"Prevention of dog bites: Evaluation of a brief educational intervention program for preschool children","volume":"31","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.04.024","article-title":"Epidemiology of dog bites: A Belgian experience of canine behaviour and public health concerns","volume":"172","author":"Lamoureux","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1163\/156853002320936926","article-title":"Anthropomorphism and Anthropomorphic Selection\u2014Beyond the \u2018Cute Response\u2019","volume":"10","author":"Serpell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc. Anim."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2019.06.006","article-title":"People\u2019s perception of brachycephalic breeds and breed-related welfare problems in Germany","volume":"33","author":"Steinert","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.28.3.287","article-title":"Assessment of welfare and brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome signs in young, breeding age French Bulldogs and Pugs, using owner questionnaire, physical examination and walk tests","volume":"28","author":"Aromaa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Welf"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.24.3.327","article-title":"Brachycephalic problems of pugs relevant to animal welfare","volume":"24","author":"Bartels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Welf"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12729","article-title":"Comparative morphometric study of the mimic facial muscles of brachycephalic and dolichocephalic dogs","volume":"50","author":"Schatz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anat. Histol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.1.3","article-title":"The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment","volume":"124","author":"Chorpita","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1037\/h0099303","article-title":"Anthropomorphism, empathy, and perceived communicative ability vary with phylogenetic relatedness to humans","volume":"4","author":"Harrison","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Soc. Evol. Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-012-0274-6","article-title":"Anthropomorphism as a conservation tool","volume":"21","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"S13","article-title":"Critical anthropomorphism, animal suffering, and the ecological context","volume":"20","author":"Morton","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hastings Cent. Rep."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2006.09.005","article-title":"Relationship between attachment to owners and separation anxiety in pet dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)","volume":"1","author":"Parthasarathy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"Romero, N.Y. (2016). Relaci\u00f3n Entre el Apego Humano-Mascota y el Sentimiento de Soledad (en adultos mayores). [Diploma Thesis, Facultad De Ciencias Juridicas Y Sociales Universidad Argentina de la Empresa]."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Monroy Gonzalez, J.C., Almeyda Remolina, \u00c1.G., and Bernal Loaiza, P.A. (2019). La Relaci\u00f3n Humano-Animal en el \u00e1mbito Comunitario y Familiar: Apuestas Para el Abordaje Desde Trabajo Social. [Diploma Thesis, Universidad de la Salle]."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"(2014). Mel\u00e9ndez El v\u00ednculo humano-animal y sus implicaciones para la psicolog\u00eda en Puerto Rico. Rev. Puertorriquena Psicol., 25, 160\u2013182."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-198405000-00002","article-title":"Physiological effects of human\/companion animal bonding","volume":"33","author":"Baun","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/623203","article-title":"The Benefit of Pets and Animal-Assisted Therapy to the Health of Older Individuals","volume":"2014","author":"Cherniack","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Gerontol. Geriatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/00224540903368533","article-title":"Psychological Effects of Dog Ownership: Role Strain, Role Enhancement, and Depression","volume":"150","author":"Clark","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1994.74.3.715","article-title":"Benefits and Liabilities of Pets for the Homeless","volume":"74","author":"Kidd","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.12.025","article-title":"Basic psychological need fulfillment in human\u2013pet relationships and well-being","volume":"92","author":"Antebi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Day, M.J., Breitschwerdt, E., Cleaveland, S., Karkare, U., Khanna, C., Kirpensteijn, J., Kuiken, T., Lappin, M.R., McQuiston, J., and Mumford, E. (2012). Surveillance of Zoonotic Infectious Disease Transmitted by Small Companion Animals. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 18.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1812.120664"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2112.AC2112","article-title":"Anthropomorphism to Zoonoses: Two Inevitable Consequences of Human\u2013Animal Relationships","volume":"21","author":"Breedlove","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"85","article-title":"Zoonosis emergentes y reemergentes y principios b\u00e1sicos de control de zoonosis","volume":"1","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Vet. (Bogota)"},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"248","article-title":"Acarosis y zoonosis relacionadas","volume":"26","author":"Neira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Infectolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00194.x","article-title":"Cheyletiella infestation in the dog: Observations on diagnostic methods and clinical signs","volume":"45","author":"Saevik","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"355","article-title":"What\u2019s eating you? Cheyletiella mites","volume":"99","author":"Reynolds","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2807\/esm.10.11.00575-en","article-title":"Rabies in Europe in 2005","volume":"10","author":"Bourhy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2017.55.1.61","article-title":"A Human Case of Zoonotic Dog Tapeworm, Dipylidium caninum (Eucestoda: Dilepidiidae), in China","volume":"55","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2360-7","article-title":"Capnocytophaga canimorsus: An emerging cause of sepsis, meningitis, and post-splenectomy infection after dog bites","volume":"34","author":"Butler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2003.10.024","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder after dog bites in children","volume":"144","author":"Peters","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"2371","article-title":"Abandonment of dogs in Latin America: Strategies and ideas","volume":"14","author":"Sepiurka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. World"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/11\/3263\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:30:27Z","timestamp":1760167827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/11\/3263"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11113263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11113263","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]}}}