{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T01:24:06Z","timestamp":1778376246676,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Chronic cholecystitis of dogs has not been vigorously investigated histopathologically. In addition, the relationship between gallbladder and liver diseases is not known. (2) Methods: We aimed to provide a hallmark for canine chronic cholecystitis using clinical data, histopathology, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and statistical analysis. (3) Results: Our investigation of 219 ultrasonographically abnormal surgically resected canine gallbladders revealed 189 cases (86.3%) of mucosal lymphoplasmacytic infiltration (chronic cholecystitis). Sludge, a gravity-dependent or nondependent fine granular hyperechoic material, was more prevalent (105\/219, 47.9%) than mucocele (51\/219, 23.2%) in this cohort. Mucosal lymphoid follicles were detected in 68\/219 cases (31%), suggesting the influence of long-standing antigenic stimulation. Bacteria were histochemically detected in 41\/60 (68.3%) of heavily inflamed gallbladders, 18\/129 (14%) of lightly inflamed, and 3\/18 (16.7%) of uninflamed gallbladders, suggesting a possible relationship between bacteria and chronic cholecystitis. Simultaneous liver biopsies revealed mild or no inflammation, changes consistent with primary portal vein hypoplasia, and mild hepatocellular degeneration. (4) Conclusions: Based on the results of our statistical analysis, we conclude that canine chronic cholecystitis is a long-standing inflammatory process of unknown (but possibly bacterial) etiology and that liver pathology is unlikely the cause of chronic cholecystitis in dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T20:58:21Z","timestamp":1637528301000},"page":"3324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Chronic Cholecystitis of Dogs: Clinicopathologic Features and Relationship with Liver"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6108-0097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ikki","family":"Mitsui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari 794-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8503-2180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigeaki","family":"Ohtsuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Institute of Statistical Technology, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 123-0843, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4823-0318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuyuki","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.1.79","article-title":"Gallbladder disease in Shetland Sheepdogs: 38 cases (1995\u20132005)","volume":"231","author":"Aguirre","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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