{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:31Z","timestamp":1787027491884,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thymoma is a tumor rarely reported in dogs and should be differentiated from mediastinal lymphoma. Clinical signs may have a late onset, and thymoma is often diagnosed when symptoms related to the space-occupying effect or paraneoplastic syndromes occur. CT and fine-needle aspirates or core biopsies are helpful in differential diagnosis, but flow cytometry may improve the pre-operative diagnostic ability. Concurrent paraneoplastic syndromes such as myasthenia gravis and hypercalcemia have been reported; however, their role as prognostic factors is not well determined. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice; adjuvant radiotherapy and\/or chemotherapy may prolong survival in cases of incomplete excision or when a thymic carcinoma is diagnosed. Local recurrence and metastasis are infrequently reported; therefore, a long survival time is expected if the tumor is completely excised or if adjuvant therapy is undertaken. This article reports the authors\u2019 experience with 28 dogs affected by 18 thymomas and 10 thymic carcinomas. The median overall survival in this series was 1173 days, and the median disease-free interval was 903 days. Dogs with thymic carcinoma had significantly shorter disease-free intervals and shorter, although not statistically significant, survival times. Dogs with Masaoka Stage III tumors had worse outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T21:19:08Z","timestamp":1638479948000},"page":"3444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Canine Epithelial Thymic Tumors: Outcome in 28 Dogs Treated by Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2159-0930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Martano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0181-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Buracco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9801-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela Maria","family":"Morello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"de Mello Souza, C.H. (2020). Section B: Thymoma. Withrow and McEwen\u2019s Small Animal Clinical Oncology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1997.tb03492.x","article-title":"Review of Thymic Pathology in 30 Cats and 36 Dogs","volume":"38","author":"Day","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. 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