{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T19:25:14Z","timestamp":1783970714691,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,18]],"date-time":"2021-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a severe immune-mediated inflammatory disease with concurrent oral dysbiosis (bacterial and fungal). Broad-spectrum antibiotics are used empirically in FCGS. Still, neither the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria nor potential patterns of co-occurrence between AMR genes and fungi have been documented in FCGS. This study explored the differential occurrence of AMR genes and the co-occurrence of AMR genes with oral fungal species. Briefly, 14 clinically healthy (CH) cats and 14 cats with FCGS were included. Using a sterile swab, oral tissue surfaces were sampled and submitted for 16S rRNA and ITS-2 next-generation DNA sequencing. Microbial DNA was analyzed using a proprietary curated database targeting AMR genes found in bacterial pathogens. The co-occurrence of AMR genes and fungi was tested using point biserial correlation. A total of 21 and 23 different AMR genes were detected in CH and FCGS cats, respectively. A comparison of AMR-gene frequencies between groups revealed statistically significant differences in the occurrence of genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides (ant4Ib), beta-lactam (mecA), and macrolides (mphD and mphC). Two AMR genes (mecA and mphD) showed statistically significant co-occurrence with Malassezia restricta. In conclusion, resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics, such as beta-lactams and macrolides, is a significant cause for concern in the context of both feline and human medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,19]],"date-time":"2021-12-19T20:41:55Z","timestamp":1639946515000},"page":"3589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in the Oral Cavity of Cats with Chronic Gingivostomatitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9662-1052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wayne","family":"Tsang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5749-4852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annika","family":"Linde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4865-7170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janina A.","family":"Krumbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiDOG LLC, 14672 Bentley Cir, Tustin, CA 92780, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4706-7600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangxi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiDOG LLC, 14672 Bentley Cir, Tustin, CA 92780, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0507-707X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young J.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5821-4253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerald H.","family":"Lushington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qnapsyn Biosciences, Inc., Lawrence, KS 66044, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3307-6218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tonatiuh","family":"Melgarejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2020.04.002","article-title":"An Update on Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6n\u00f6nen, E., Gursoy, M., and Gursoy, U.K. (2019). Periodontitis: A Multifaceted Disease of Tooth-Supporting Tissues. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8081135"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2016.00054","article-title":"Therapeutic Management of Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"3","author":"Winer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krumbeck, J.A., Reiter, A., Pohl, J., Tang, S., Kim, Y., Linde, A., Prem, A., and Melgarejo, T. (2021). Characterization of Oral Microbiota in Cats: Novel Insights on the Potential Role of Fungi in Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070904"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00201","article-title":"Overview of the Potential Role of Malassezia in Gut Health and Disease","volume":"10","author":"Spatz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dupuy, A.K., David, M.S., Li, L., Heider, T.N., Peterson, J.D., Montano, E.A., Dongari-Bagtzoglou, A., Diaz, P.I., and Strausbaugh, L.D. (2014). Redefining the Human Oral Mycobiome with Improved Practices in Amplicon-based Taxonomy: Discovery of Malassezia as a Prominent Commensal. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090899"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48852-4","article-title":"The subgingival microbial community of feline periodontitis and gingivostomatitis: Characterization and comparison between diseased and healthy cats","volume":"9","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"84","article-title":"Characterization of the cutaneous mycobiota in healthy and allergic cats using next generation sequencing","volume":"28","author":"Diesel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X16628578","article-title":"Clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical and molecular characterization of feline chronic gingivostomatitis","volume":"19","author":"Rolim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108764","article-title":"The Canine Skin and Ear Microbiome: A Comprehensive Survey of Pathogens Implicated in Canine Skin and Ear Infections Using a Novel Next-Generation-Sequencing-Based Assay","volume":"247","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"CARD The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database. McMaster University. Available online: https:\/\/card.mcmaster.ca\/ontology\/41634."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2005.02.001","article-title":"Gingivostomatitis","volume":"35","author":"Lyon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e24","article-title":"Response of feline eosinophilic plaques and lip ulcers to amoxicillin trihydrate-clavulanate potassium therapy: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled prospective study","volume":"23","author":"Wildermuth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2018.26","article-title":"Outpatient Antibiotics Prescription Trends in the United States: A National Cohort Study","volume":"39","author":"Durkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0147-4","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An overview of basic and clinical research","volume":"17","author":"Turner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"2","article-title":"Comparative Activity of Pradofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, and Azithromycin against Bartonella henselae Isolates Collected from Cats and a Human","volume":"48","author":"Biswas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2008.04.001","article-title":"Efficacy of amoxycillin and azithromycin for the empirical treatment of shelter cats with suspected bacterial upper respiratory infections","volume":"10","author":"Veir","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0646.x","article-title":"Efficacy of Atovaquone and Azithromycin or Imidocarb Dipropionate in Cats with Acute Cytauxzoonosis","volume":"25","author":"Cohn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021, October 25). Outpatient Antibiotics Prescriptions, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/antibiotic-use\/pdfs\/Annual-Report-2020-H.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"The World Health Organization (2021, October 25). Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241515528."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Plumb, D.C. (2018). Aminoglycosides. Plumb\u2019s Veterinary Drug Handbook: Desk, P Wiley-Blackwell. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Prete, S., Vullo, D., Ghobril, C., Hitce, J., Clavaud, C., Marat, X., Clemente, C., and Supuran, C.T. (2019). Cloning, purification, and characterization of a \u03b2-carbonic anhydrase from Malassezia restricta, an opportunistic pathogen involved in dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102447"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12647","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.547034","article-title":"Chemical organization of the cell wall polysaccharide core of Malassezia restricta","volume":"289","author":"Stalhberger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01543-18","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.01543-18","article-title":"Complete Genome Sequence of Malassezia restricta CBS 7877, an Opportunist Pathogen Involved in Dandruff and Seborrheic Dermatitis","volume":"8","author":"Morand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Resour. Announc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775-008-0407-2","article-title":"Zinc and antibiotic resistance: Metallo-beta-lactamases and their synthetic analogues","volume":"13","author":"Tamilselvi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Inorg. Chem."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/12\/3589\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:51:32Z","timestamp":1760169092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/12\/3589"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,18]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11123589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11123589","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,18]]}}}