{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:56:48Z","timestamp":1791975408702,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bioproton Pty LTD","award":["2020000073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020000073"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To study the efficiency of Bacillus spp. probiotics administered via different routes and doses, a 6-week grow-out trial was conducted using a total of 378 day-old mixed-sex ROSS308 broiler chickens in a completely randomized block design. Six experimental diets included probiotics added at two different inclusion rates into the feed (250 g\/ton; PRO250, or 500 g\/ton; PRO500), or in the drinking water (25 g\/L; PRO-WS), or as a feed synbiotic (250 g probiotic + 250 g\/ton prebiotic; SYN), compared to a negative (NC; without additives) and positive control (PC; with antibiotics) diets. The PRO-WS enhanced feed intake (p &lt; 0.05) and tended to improve average daily gain and final body weight (p = 0.14). Broiler gut morphology in the duodenum including the villus height (p = 0.04), villus width (p = 0.05) and crypt depth (p = 0.02) were improved by PRO500. Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum, followed by Bacteroidetes. Streptococcaceae, Lachnoospiraceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Erysipe-lotrichaceae were the top five most abundant families. Antibiotic inclusion in PC reduced microbial beta-diversity and increased similarity compared to probiotic inclusion (p = 0.05). Probiotic inclusion reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroides fragilis, which is a commonly isolated pathogen and is considered as a marker for antimicrobial resistance. Overall, probiotic supplementation via feed or water may potentially improve the production performance of the broiler chickens, and water-soluble probiotics are potentially more effective. Probiotics, especially when added to water, suggest a promising feed additive to support gut microbial maturation and diversity, and may reduce resistant bacteria in broiler chickens. However, it is suggested that the best route for the administration of probiotics be further examined under commercial conditions to find the most effective and practical application method that yields the most consistent results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T08:43:32Z","timestamp":1639989812000},"page":"3607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["The Efficiency of Probiotics Administrated via Different Routes and Doses in Enhancing Production Performance, Meat Quality, Gut Morphology, and Microbial Profile of Broiler Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8635-3138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elham A.","family":"Soumeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid Del Rocio Coba","family":"Cedeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"},{"name":"Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6750-9694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahram","family":"Niknafs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacoba","family":"Bromfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"},{"name":"Bioproton Pty Ltd., Acacia Ridge, Brisbane, QLD 4110, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2736-1933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louwrens C.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7906, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"OECD\/FAO (2020). OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2020\u20132029, FAO, Rome\/OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.6.5.733","article-title":"Resistance in bacteria of the food chain: Epidemiology and control strategies","volume":"6","author":"Aarestrup","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infective Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/0007166031000085445","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus cultures on growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, serum lipids and weight of organs of broiler chickens","volume":"44","author":"Kalavathy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/85.8.1383","article-title":"Mortality and Growth Performance of Broilers Given Drinking Water Supplemented with Chicken-Specific Probiotics","volume":"85","author":"Immerman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3531","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10083531","article-title":"The Role of Probiotics in the Poultry Industry","volume":"10","author":"Kabir","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13454","article-title":"Probiotics in poultry feed: A comprehensive review","volume":"104","author":"Shafi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/79.2.205","article-title":"The effects of dietary mannaoligosaccharides on cecal parameters and the concentrations of enteric bacteria in the ceca of salmonella-challenged broiler chicks","volume":"79","author":"Spring","year":"2000","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/10408690390826446","article-title":"Nutritional Responses to the Presence of Inulin and Oligofructose in the Diets of Domesticated Animals: A Review","volume":"43","author":"Flickinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunislawska, A., Slawinska, A., Stadnicka, K., Bednarczyk, M., Gulewicz, P., J\u00f3zefiak, D., and Siwek, M. (2017). Synbiotics for broiler chickens\u2014In Vitro design and evaluation of the influence on host and selected microbiota populations following In Ovo delivery. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168587"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez571","article-title":"Effect of synbiotics on thyroid hormones, intestinal histomorphology, and heat shock protein 70 expression in broiler chickens reared under cyclic heat stress","volume":"99","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2015.07.002","article-title":"Delivery routes for probiotics: Effects on broiler performance, intestinal morphology and gut microflora","volume":"1","author":"Olnood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"119","article-title":"Stability of Freeze-Dried Lactobacillus acidophilus in Banana, Soybean and Pearl Barley Powders","volume":"8","author":"Nathanon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2010.03.007","article-title":"Bacillus probiotics","volume":"28","author":"Cutting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2011.623783","article-title":"Assessing the effect of administering different probiotics in drinking water supplement on broiler performance, blood biochemistry and immune response","volume":"39","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aland, A., and Madec, F. (2009). Sustainable Animal Production, Wageningen Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.3920\/978-90-8686-685-4"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/85.12.2106","article-title":"Intestinal microbial ecology of broilers vaccinated and challenged with mixed Eimeria species, and supplemented with essential oil blends","volume":"85","author":"Hume","year":"2006","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5918","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.12.5918-5924.2002","article-title":"Effects of dietary fat source and subtherapeutic levels of antibiotic on the bacterial community in the ileum of broiler chickens at various ages","volume":"68","author":"Knarreborg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Aviagen (2021, January 21). Aviagen Management Handbook. Available online: http:\/\/es.aviagen.com\/assets\/Tech_Center\/Ross_Broiler\/RossBroilerNutritionSpecs2019-EN.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"American Meat Science Association (2012). Meat Color Measurement Guidelines, American Meat Science Association."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0309-1740(88)90009-5","article-title":"Techniques for measuring water-binding capacity in muscle foods\u2014A review of methodology","volume":"23","author":"Trout","year":"1988","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0309-1740(98)00034-5","article-title":"Reference methods for the assessment of physical characteristics of meat","volume":"49","author":"Honikel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Grodzinski, W., Klekowski, R.Z., and Duncan, A. (1975). Fat extraction in the Soxhlet apparatus. Methods for Ecological Bioenergetics, Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00219-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00219-18","article-title":"q2-longitudinal: Longitudinal and Paired-Sample Analyses of Microbiome Data","volume":"3","author":"Bokulich","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Colwell, R.K. (2021, January 11). EstimateS: Statistical Estimation of Species Richness and Shared Species from Samples. Version 9.1.0. Available online: http:\/\/viceroy.colorado.edu\/estimates\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"4","article-title":"PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis","volume":"4","author":"Harper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Palaeontol. Electron."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc (2003). SAS User\u2019s Guide, SAS Institute Inc.. Statistics Version 9.1."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2018.08.002","article-title":"A multi-strain probiotic administered via drinking water enhances feed conversion efficiency and meat quality traits in indigenous chickens","volume":"5","author":"Atela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01968","article-title":"Intestinal Morphologic and Microbiota Responses to Dietary Bacillus spp. in a Broiler Chicken Model","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4465","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez282","article-title":"Effect of dietary probiotics and prebiotics on the performance of broiler chickens","volume":"98","author":"Ragheb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2021-0031","article-title":"Supplementation of probiotics in water beneficial growth performance, carcass traits, immune function, and antioxidant capacity in broiler chickens","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew347","article-title":"Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis and bacitracin methylene disalicylate on growth performance, digestibility, blood metabolites, immunity, and intestinal microbiota after intramuscular inoculation with Escherichia coli in broilers","volume":"96","author":"Manafi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02813","article-title":"Effects of probiotic-supplemented diets on growth performance and intestinal immune characteristics of broiler chickens","volume":"92","author":"Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/79.6.886","article-title":"Digestive and Bacterial Enzyme Activities in Broilers Fed Diets Supplemented with Lactobacillus Cultures","volume":"79","author":"Jin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.4.627","article-title":"Application of prebiotics and probiotics in poultry production","volume":"82","author":"Patterson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/00071661003753756","article-title":"Assessing the effect of administering probiotics in water or as a feed supplement on broiler performance and immune response","volume":"51","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3587","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3587","article-title":"The time-course of broiler intestinal microbiota development after administration of cecal contents to incubating eggs","volume":"5","author":"Donaldson","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6838","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43280-w","article-title":"Characterization of microbial communities in the chicken oviduct and the origin of chicken embryo gut microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1637\/9069-091109-Reg.1","article-title":"Colonization of Avian Reproductive-Tract Tissues by Variant Subpopulations of Salmonella Enteritidis","volume":"54","author":"Guard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.03.005","article-title":"Transmission and pathogenicity of Gallibacterium anatis and Escherichia coli in embryonated eggs","volume":"217","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2004.361.364","article-title":"The dynamics of probiotics on growth performance and immune response in broilers","volume":"3","author":"Kabir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2003.89.91","article-title":"Effect of dietary probiotic, organic acid and antibiotic supplementation to diets on broiler performance and carcass yield","volume":"2","author":"Denli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pak. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-635X2003000300009","article-title":"Effect of different probiotics on broiler carcass and meat quality","volume":"5","author":"Pelicano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Braz. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4573.2005.00023.x","article-title":"Effect of a dietary probiotic on some quality characteristics of raw broiler drumsticks and breast meat","volume":"16","author":"Aksu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Muscle Foods"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00319","article-title":"Effect of dietary probiotic, Bacillus coagulans, on growth performance, chemical composition, and meat quality of Guangxi Yellow chicken","volume":"89","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2011.11334","article-title":"Growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens supplemented with bacillus licheniformis in drinking water","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew246","article-title":"Supplemental effects of probiotic Bacillus subtilis fmbJ on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and meat quality of broiler chickens","volume":"96","author":"Bai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2015.1124330","article-title":"Physico-chemical properties of breast muscle in broiler chickens fed probiotics, antibiotics or antibiotic\u2013probiotic mix","volume":"45","author":"Abdulla","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/80.5.676","article-title":"The Effect of Broiler Breast Meat Color on pH, Moisture, Water-Holding Capacity, and Emulsification Capacity","volume":"80","author":"Qiao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jha, R., Das, R., Oak, S., and Mishra, P. (2020). Probiotics (Direct-Fed Microbials) in Poultry Nutrition and Their Effects on Nutrient Utilization, Growth and Laying Performance, and Gut Health: A Systematic Review. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101863"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10611","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1687-x","article-title":"The use of probiotics as eco-friendly alternatives for antibiotics in poultry nutrition","volume":"25","author":"Alagawany","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1647\/2012-031","article-title":"A Review of Avian Probiotics","volume":"28","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Avian Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512004011","article-title":"Sources, isolation, characterization and evaluation of probiotics","volume":"109","author":"Fontana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaz Carrasco, J.M., Casanova, N.A., and Fern\u00e1ndez Miyakawa, M.E. (2019). Microbiota, Gut Health and Chicken Productivity: What Is the Connection?. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7100374"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00254","article-title":"Chicken Gut Microbiota: Importance and Detection Technology","volume":"5","author":"Shang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6816","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.11.6816-6824.2003","article-title":"Diversity and Succession of the Intestinal Bacterial Community of the Maturing Broiler Chicken","volume":"69","author":"Lu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-018-0310-9","article-title":"Strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiota and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, and health of poultry","volume":"10","author":"Yadav","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585623","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.585623","article-title":"Effect of Heat-Inactivated Compound Probiotics on Growth Performance, Plasma Biochemical Indices, and Cecal Microbiome in Yellow-Feathered Broilers","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2021.100863","article-title":"Genome analysis of Lachnoclostridium phocaeense isolated from a patient after kidney transplantation in Marseille","volume":"41","author":"Dandachi","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Microbes N. Infect."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0315-1","article-title":"Feed-additive probiotics accelerate yet antibiotics delay intestinal microbiota maturation in broiler chicken","volume":"5","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00008-07","article-title":"Bacteroides: The good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty","volume":"20","author":"Wexler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2012.662272","article-title":"Isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis group strains recovered from broiler faeces","volume":"53","author":"Garcia","year":"2012","journal-title":"British Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.09.12","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Bacteroides spp.: Occurrence and dissemination","volume":"4","author":"Vedantam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Futur. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/12\/3607\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:49:45Z","timestamp":1760168985000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/11\/12\/3607"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ani11123607"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11123607","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]}}}