{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:15:29Z","timestamp":1791519329363,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Office for Food and Agriculture","award":["281B101316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["281B101316"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the effect of fiber-rich rye and rapeseed meal (RSM) compared to wheat and soybean meal (SBM) on fiber digestibility and the composition and metabolic activity of intestinal microbiota. At weaning, 88 piglets were allocated to four feeding groups: wheat\/SBM, wheat\/RSM, rye\/SBM, and rye\/RSM. Dietary inclusion level was 48% for rye and wheat, 25% for SBM, and 30% for RSM. Piglets were euthanized after 33 days for collection of digesta and feces. Samples were analyzed for dry matter and non-starch-polysaccharide (NSP) digestibility, bacterial metabolites, and relative abundance of microbiota. Rye-based diets had higher concentrations of soluble NSP than wheat-based diets. RSM-diets were higher in insoluble NSP compared to SBM. Rye-fed piglets showed a higher colonic and fecal digestibility of NSP (p &lt; 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). RSM-fed piglets showed a lower colonic and fecal digestibility of NSP than SBM-fed piglets (p &lt; 0.001). Rye increased jejunal and colonic concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) compared to wheat (p &lt; 0.001, p = 0.016, respectively). RSM-fed pigs showed a lower jejunal concentration of SCFA (p = 0.001) than SBM-fed pigs. Relative abundance of Firmicutes was higher (p = 0.039) and of Proteobacteria lower (p = 0.002) in rye-fed pigs compared to wheat. RSM reduced Firmicutes and increased Actinobacteria (jejunum, colon, feces: p &lt; 0.050), jejunal Proteobacteria (p = 0.019) and colonic Bacteroidetes (p = 0.014). Despite a similar composition of the colonic microbiota, the higher amount and solubility of NSP from rye resulted in an increased fermentative activity compared to wheat. The high amount of insoluble dietary fiber in RSM-based diets reduced bacterial metabolic activity and caused a shift toward insoluble fiber degrading bacteria. Further research should focus on host\u2013microbiota interaction to improve feeding concepts with a targeted use of dietary fiber.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12010109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T20:42:16Z","timestamp":1641415336000},"page":"109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effects of Dietary Cereal and Protein Source on Fiber Digestibility, Composition, and Metabolic Activity of the Intestinal Microbiota in Weaner Piglets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8702-4491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carola","family":"Ellner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8075-9329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna G.","family":"Wessels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2864-9250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Zentek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2013.12.013","article-title":"Relevance of functional properties of dietary fibre in diets for weanling pigs","volume":"189","author":"Molist","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114519002873","article-title":"In vitro prebiotic potential of agricultural by-products on intestinal fermentation, gut barrier and inflammatory status of piglets","volume":"123","author":"Uerlings","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fnz029","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnz029","article-title":"The potential of pectin to impact pig nutrition and health: Feeding the animal and its microbiome","volume":"366","author":"Wiese","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2008.00605.x","article-title":"Effect of barley and oat cultivars with different carbohydrate compositions on the intestinal bacterial communities in weaned piglets","volume":"66","author":"Pieper","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2018.06.005","article-title":"Screening of the ability of natural feed ingredients commonly used in pig diets to interfere with the attachment of ETEC K88 (F4) to intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"242","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9785","article-title":"Carbohydrates in pig nutrition\u2014Recent advances","volume":"94","author":"Laerke","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00048","article-title":"Dietary Fiber and Intestinal Health of Monogastric Animals","volume":"6","author":"Jha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2019.04.003","article-title":"Fermentation characteristics of resistant starch, arabinoxylan, and \u03b2-glucan and their effects on the gut microbial ecology of pigs: A review","volume":"5","author":"Tiwari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENG.2017.03.010","article-title":"Nutritional and Metabolic Consequences of Feeding High-Fiber Diets to Swine: A Review","volume":"3","author":"Agyekum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2002212","article-title":"New insight into butyrate metabolism","volume":"62","author":"Serena","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-8401(03)00163-9","article-title":"A review of interactions between dietary fibre and the intestinal mucosa, and their consequences on digestive health in young non-ruminant animals","volume":"108","author":"Montagne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6029","DOI":"10.1021\/jf901036r","article-title":"Methods for Mucin Analysis: A Comparative Study","volume":"57","author":"Moughan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Kamphues, J., Hartung, C., Wilke, V., and Grone, R. (2019). Rye: Renaissance of a Traditional Grain Type in Animal Feeding?. \u00dcbersichten zur Tierern\u00e4hrung, DLG-Verlags-GmbH."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/1745039X.2021.1958647","article-title":"Effects of cereal and protein source on performance, apparent ileal protein digestibility and intestinal characteristics in weaner piglets","volume":"75","author":"Ellner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuppava, B., Wilke, V., Hartung, C.B., El-Wahab, A.A., Grone, R., von Felde, A., Kamphues, J., and Visscher, C. (2020). Effect of a High Proportion of Rye in Compound Feed for Reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium in Experimentally Infected Young Pigs. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111629"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa218","article-title":"The apparent ileal digestibility and the apparent total tract digestibility of carbohydrates and energy in hybrid rye are different from some other cereal grains when fed to growing pigs","volume":"98","author":"McGhee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7030659","article-title":"Biology, Genetics, and Management of Ergot (Claviceps spp.) in Rye, Sorghum, and Pearl Millet","volume":"7","author":"Miedaner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-03902","article-title":"Fiber and nonstarch polysaccharide content and variation in common crops used in broiler diets","volume":"93","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/1745039X.2015.1133111","article-title":"Variation in chemical composition and physical characteristics of cereal grains from different genotypes","volume":"70","author":"Rodehutscord","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1094\/CCHEM-87-4-0353","article-title":"Rye Arabinoxylans: Molecular Structure, Physicochemical Properties and Physiological Effects in the Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"87","author":"Laerke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cereal Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9786","article-title":"Changes in short-chain fatty acid plasma profile incurred by dietary fiber composition","volume":"94","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13595","article-title":"Porcine intestinal microbiota is shaped by diet composition based on rye or triticale","volume":"123","author":"Burbach","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1263-4","article-title":"Addition of arabinoxylan and mixed linkage glucans in porcine diets affects the large intestinal bacterial populations","volume":"56","author":"Gorham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66364-4","article-title":"Rapeseed-based diet modulates the imputed functions of gut microbiome in growing-finishing pigs","volume":"10","author":"Umu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umu, O.C.O., Fauske, A.K., Akesson, C.P., de Nanclares, M.P., Sorby, R., Press, C.M., Overland, M., and Sorum, H. (2018). Gut microbiota profiling in Norwegian weaner pigs reveals potentially beneficial effects of a high-fiber rapeseed diet. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209439"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"GfE (2006). Empfehlungen zur Energie- und N\u00e4hrstoffversorgung von Schweinen, DLG-Verlag. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2527\/2004.821179x","article-title":"Technical note: A procedure for the preparation and quantitative analysis of samples for titanium dioxide","volume":"82","author":"Myers","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa064","article-title":"Effect of dietary supplementation of xylanase in a wheat-based diet containing canola meal on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, organ weight, and short-chain fatty acid concentration in digesta when fed to weaned pigs","volume":"98","author":"Mejicanos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016.0873","article-title":"Influence of lignocellulose and low or high levels of sugar beet pulp on nutrient digestibility and the fecal microbiota in dogs","volume":"95","author":"Vahjen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bushnell, B., Rood, J., and Singer, E. (2017). BBMerge\u2014Accurate paired shotgun read merging via overlap. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185056"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D643","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1209","article-title":"The SILVA and \u201cAll-species Living Tree Project (LTP)\u201d taxonomic frameworks","volume":"42","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, H., Vahjen, W., Dadi, T., Saliu, E.M., Boroojeni, F.G., and Zentek, J. (2019). Synergistic Effects of Probiotics and Phytobiotics on the Intestinal Microbiota in Young Broiler Chicken. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7120684"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W566","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv468","article-title":"ClustVis: A web tool for visualizing clustering of multivariate data using Principal Component Analysis and heatmap","volume":"43","author":"Metsalu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.003","article-title":"Nutritional value of feed ingredients of plant origin fed to pigs","volume":"218","author":"Stein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509990924","article-title":"The role of whole-wheat grain and wheat and rye ingredients on the digestion and fermentation processes in the gut--a model experiment with pigs","volume":"102","author":"Serena","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451400302X","article-title":"Diets high in resistant starch and arabinoxylan modulate digestion processes and SCFA pool size in the large intestine and faecal microbial composition in pigs","volume":"112","author":"Nielsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118000988","article-title":"Increasing levels of rapeseed expeller meal in diets for pigs: Effects on protein and energy metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Marcussen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.17.0761","article-title":"Methodology effects on determining the energy concentration and the apparent total tract digestibility of components in diets fed to growing pigs","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuw014","article-title":"Potential misinterpretation of the nutritional value of dietary fiber: Correcting fiber digestibility values for nondietary gut-interfering material","volume":"74","author":"Montoya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602496","article-title":"Faecal bacterial mass and energetic losses in healthy humans and patients with a short bowel syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Achour","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Marien, C. (2011). Effects of Tubers of the Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) and Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) on the Intestinal Microbiota of Pigs and Evaluation of a Procedure for Quantification of Microbial Mass in Pig Faeces. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Kassel]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00496","article-title":"Bacterial exopolysaccharides: Biosynthesis pathways and engineering strategies","volume":"6","author":"Schmid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.7.1696","article-title":"Rye bread enhances the production and plasma concentration of butyrate but not the plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin in pigs","volume":"135","author":"Serena","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422410000247","article-title":"From the gut to the peripheral tissues: The multiple effects of butyrate","volume":"23","author":"Guilloteau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2010.10.018","article-title":"Transepithelial transport and intraepithelial metabolism of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the porcine proximal colon are influenced by SCFA concentration and luminal pH","volume":"158","author":"Herrmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513004066","article-title":"Resistant starch and arabinoxylan augment SCFA absorption, but affect postprandial glucose and insulin responses differently","volume":"111","author":"Ingerslev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R036012","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism","volume":"54","author":"Groen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00004-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00004-17","article-title":"Meta-analysis To Define a Core Microbiota in the Swine Gut","volume":"2","author":"Holman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Msystems"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Ma, L.T., Li, Z.Q., Yin, J., Tan, B., Chen, J.S., Jiang, Q., and Ma, X.K. (2021). Evolution of the Gut Microbiota and Its Fermentation Characteristics of Ningxiang Pigs at the Young Stage. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030638"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570985","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.570985","article-title":"Differently Pre-treated Rapeseed Meals Affect in vitro Swine Gut Microbiota Composition","volume":"11","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119001861","article-title":"Review: Link between intestinal immunity and practical approaches to swine nutrition","volume":"13","author":"Humphrey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-017-0836-4","article-title":"Dietary fibres modulate the composition and activity of butyrate-producing bacteria in the large intestine of suckling piglets","volume":"110","author":"Mu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa338","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa338","article-title":"Canola meal in nursery pig diets: Growth performance and gut health","volume":"98","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2012.01284.x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal health and function in weaned pigs: A review of feeding strategies to control post-weaning diarrhoea without using in-feed antimicrobial compounds","volume":"97","author":"Heo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.844843x","article-title":"Effects of guar gum and cellulose on digesta passage rate, ileal microbial populations, energy and protein digestibility, and performance of grower pigs","volume":"84","author":"Patience","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252316000141","article-title":"Health relevance of intestinal protein fermentation in young pigs","volume":"17","author":"Pieper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40781-016-0085-5","article-title":"Recent advances in canola meal utilization in swine nutrition","volume":"58","author":"Mejicanos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez, I., Kim, J., Duffy, P.R., Schlegel, V.L., and Walter, J. (2010). Resistant starches types 2 and 4 have differential effects on the composition of the fecal microbiota in human subjects. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015046"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.04.009","article-title":"Fiber-rich foods affected gut bacterial community and short-chain fatty acids production in pig model","volume":"57","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Lee, J.W. (2019). Optimization of Canola Co-Product Utilization in Swine. [Ph.D. Thesis, South Dakota State University]."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-018-0308-3","article-title":"Piglet gut microbial shifts early in life: Causes and effects","volume":"10","author":"Guevarra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/1\/109\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:26:52Z","timestamp":1760362012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/1\/109"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12010109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12010109","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]}}}