{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T18:02:00Z","timestamp":1790445720061,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2018YFD0900302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD0900302"]}]},{"name":"the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS","award":["NO. 2020TD33 and 2021C002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. 2020TD33 and 2021C002"]}]},{"name":"; the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","award":["CARS-45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-45"]}]},{"name":"the Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China","award":["ZJK202109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZJK202109"]}]},{"name":"the National Freshwater Aquatic Germplasm Resource Center","award":["FGRC18537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FGRC18537"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As an economically and ecologically important freshwater fish, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) is sensitive to low oxygen tension. Prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) proteins are critical regulators of adaptive responses to hypoxia for their function of regulating the hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha subunit (HIF-1\u03b1) stability via hydroxylation reaction. In the present study, three PHD genes were cloned from H. molitrix by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The total length of HmPHD1, HmPHD2, and HmPHD3 were 2981, 1954, and 1847 base pair (bp), and contained 1449, 1080, and 738 bp open reading frames (ORFs) that encoded 482, 359, and 245 amino acids (aa), respectively. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that HmPHD1, HmPHD2, and HmPHD3 had the conserved prolyl 4-hydroxylase alpha subunit homolog domains at their C-termini. Meanwhile, the evaluation of phylogeny revealed PHD2 and PHD3 of H. molitrix were more closely related as they belonged to sister clades, whereas the clade of PHD1 was relatively distant from these two. The transcripts of PHD genes are ubiquitously distributed in H. molitrix tissues, with the highest expressional level of HmPHD1 and HmPHD3 in liver, and HmPHD2 in muscle. After acute hypoxic treatment for 0.5 h, PHD genes of H. molitrix were induced mainly in liver and brain, and different from HmPHD1 and HmPHD2, the expression of HmPHD3 showed no overt tissue specificity. Furthermore, under continued hypoxic condition, PHD genes exhibited an obviously rapid but gradually attenuated response from 3 h to 24 h, and upon reoxygenation, the transcriptional expression of PHD genes showed a decreasing trend in most of the tissues. These results indicate that the PHD genes of H. molitrix are involved in the early response to hypoxic stress, and they show tissue-specific transcript expression when performing physiological regulation functions. This study is of great relevance for advancing our understanding of how PHD genes are regulated when addressing the hypoxic challenge and provides a reference for the subsequent research of the molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxia adaptation in silver carp.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12020131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T01:15:26Z","timestamp":1641518126000},"page":"131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Molecular Characterization and Response of Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain (PHD) Genes to Hypoxia Stress in Hypophthalmichthys molitrix"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5087-3270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Feshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meidong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiwei","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1243304","article-title":"The biology of hypoxia: The role of oxygen sensing in development, normal function, and disease","volume":"18","author":"Giaccia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39792","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M206955200","article-title":"Sequence determinants in hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 for hydroxylation by the prolyl hydroxylases PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3","volume":"277","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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