{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:23:53Z","timestamp":1791908633324,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":394,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The treatment of chronic congestive heart failure (CHF), secondary to myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs, has considerably changed in the last fifty years. An analysis of the literature concerning the therapy of chronic CHF in dogs affected by MMVD is not available, and it is needed. Narrative reviews (NRs) are aimed at identifying and summarizing what has been previously published, avoiding duplications, and seeking new study areas that have not yet been addressed. The most accessible open-access databases, PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar, were chosen, and the searching time frame was set in five decades, from 1970 to 2020. The 384 selected studies were classified into categories depending on the aim of the study, the population target, the pathogenesis of MMVD (natural\/induced), and the resulting CHF. Over the years, the types of studies have increased considerably in veterinary medicine. In particular, there have been 43 (24.29%) clinical trials, 41 (23.16%) randomized controlled trials, 10 (5.65%) cross-over trials, 40 (22.60%) reviews, 5 (2.82%) comparative studies, 17 (9.60%) case-control studies, 2 (1.13%) cohort studies, 2 (1.13%) experimental studies, 2 (1.13%) questionnaires, 6 (3.40%) case-reports, 7 (3.95%) retrospective studies, and 2 (1.13%) guidelines. The experimental studies on dogs with an induced form of the disease were less numerous (49\u201327.68%) than the studies on dogs affected by spontaneous MMVD (128\u201372.32%). The therapy of chronic CHF in dogs has considerably changed in the last fifty years: in the last century, some of the currently prescribed drugs did not exist yet, while others had different indications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12020209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]],"date-time":"2022-01-16T20:44:00Z","timestamp":1642365840000},"page":"209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Management of Chronic Congestive Heart Failure Caused by Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease in Dogs: A Narrative Review from 1970 to 2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5247-3796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mara","family":"Bagardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 n. 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5534-0278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viola","family":"Zamboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 n. 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6014-4378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 n. 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Galizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 n. 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ghilardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 n. 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola G.","family":"Brambilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 n. 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2012.02.001","article-title":"Pathology of myxomatous mitral valve disease in the dog","volume":"14","author":"Fox","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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