{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T22:31:04Z","timestamp":1780353064539,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In animals, gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) may occur during anaesthesia, and it can lead to severe consequences such as oesophagitis and oesophageal stricture. This systematic review investigates the effect of fasting duration and anaesthetic and nonanaesthetic drugs on GOR in dogs and cats during general anaesthesia. Fifteen clinical studies met the inclusion criteria in this systematic review. In thirteen studies the population was dogs, while in two studies the population was cats. In the meta-analysis, seven studies were included. Four studies on the effect of fasting duration on GOR in dogs were included in the meta-analysis. In total, 191 dogs had a fasting duration less than 5 h, while 311 dogs had a fasting duration more than 5 h. The heterogeneity of the studies was high and statistically significant (p = 0.0002, I2 = 85%), but the overall effect was statistically nonsignificant (p = 0.82, odds ratio = 0.81, 95% CI 0.15, 4.26), in favour of the low fasting duration (&lt;5 h). Concerning the effect of antacids on GOR, three studies were included in the meta-analysis. The heterogeneity of the studies was low and nonsignificant (p = 0.13, I2 = 52%) and the overall effect was statistically nonsignificant (p = 0.24). The low number of studies and the diverse factors affecting the incidence of reflux prevented us from reaching valuable conclusions on the risk factors for GOR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12030247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T22:40:20Z","timestamp":1642718420000},"page":"247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Factors Affecting Intraoperative Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux in Dogs and Cats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5575-7244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Savvas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 27 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1771-3811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiriaki","family":"Pavlidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 27 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tilemachos","family":"Anagnostou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 27 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0127-9432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Flouraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Kazakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 27 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Raptopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 27 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.2174\/1874318801307010006","article-title":"Retrospective Study of the Risk Factors and Prevalence of Regurgitation in Dogs Undergoing General Anaesthesia","volume":"7","author":"Pinchbeck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open Vet. 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