{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:04:24Z","timestamp":1790625864664,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a complex syndrome associated with high mortality in young calves and causes severe economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. The current study investigated the prevalence and molecular characterization of common bacterial pathogens associated with respiratory symptoms in young calves from Sadat City, one of the largest industrial cities in Menoufiya Governorate, Egypt. In between December 2020 and March 2021, 200 mixed-breed young calves of 6\u201312 months were examined clinically. Of them, sixty (30%) calves showed signs of respiratory manifestations, such as coughing, serous to mucopurulent nasal discharges, fever, and abnormal lung sound. Deep nasal (Nasopharyngeal) swabs were collected from the affected calves for bacteriological investigation. Phenotypic characterization and identification revealed Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Pasteurella multocida, and Staphylococcus aureus in 8.33%, 5%, 5%, and 5% of the tested samples, respectively. The PCR technique using species-specific primer sets successfully amplified the target bacterial DNA in all culture-positive samples, confirming the identity of the isolated bacterial species. Partial gene sequencing of 16S rRNA gene of M. bovigenitalium, P. multocida, and S. aureus, and mb-mp 81 gene of M. bovis revealed high nucleotide similarity and genetic relationship with respective bacterial species reported from Egypt and around the world, suggesting transmission of these bacterial species between animal host species and localities. Our study highlights the four important bacterial strains associated with respiratory disorders in calves and suggests the possible spread of these bacterial pathogens across animal species and different geographic locations. Further studies using WGS and a large number of isolates are required to investigate the realistic lineage of Egyptian isolates and globally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12030312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T21:59:55Z","timestamp":1643320795000},"page":"312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Mycoplasma Species, Pasteurella multocida, and Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Calves with Respiratory Manifestations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Youserya M.","family":"Hashem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycoplasma Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walid S.","family":"Mousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman E.","family":"Abdeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanaa M.","family":"Abdelkhalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Buffaloes Diseases Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9358-1494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Nooruzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"El-Askary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1877-7806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khadiga A.","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayman M.","family":"Megahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44159, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4907-955X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Screening of Environmental Contaminants, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enas A.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6259-1932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gamal","family":"Wareth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt"},{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-5323","article-title":"Bacterial pathogens of the lower respiratory tract of calves from Brazilian rural settlement herds and their association with clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease","volume":"38","author":"Gaeta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pesqui. 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