{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:57:10Z","timestamp":1792655830607,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pig models provide valuable research information on farm animals, veterinary, and biomedical sciences. Experimental pig gut models are used in studies on physiology, nutrition, and diseases. Intestinal organoids are powerful tools for investigating intestinal functions such as nutrient uptake and gut barrier function. However, organoids have a basal-out structure and need to grow in the extracellular matrix, which causes difficulties in research on the intestinal apical membrane. We established porcine intestinal organoids from jejunum tissues and developed basal-out and apical-out organoids using different sub-culture methods. Staining and quantitative real-time PCR showed the difference in axis change of the membrane and gene expression of epithelial cell marker genes. To consider the possibility of using apical-out organoids for intestinal function, studies involving fatty acid uptake and disruption of the epithelial barrier were undertaken. Fluorescence fatty acid was more readily absorbed in apical-out organoids than in basal-out organoids within the same time. To determine whether apical-out organoids form a functional barrier, a fluorescent dextran diffusion assay was performed. Hence, we successfully developed porcine intestinal organoid culture systems and showed that the porcine apical-out organoid model is ideal for the investigation of the intestinal environment. It can be used in future studies related to the intestine across various research fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12030372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T11:35:17Z","timestamp":1643974517000},"page":"372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Porcine Intestinal Apical-Out Organoid Model for Gut Function Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sang-Seok","family":"Joo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources & Live Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bon-Hee","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Mirayng 50463, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yei-Ju","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources & Live Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6568-0383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chae-Yun","family":"Rim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources & Live Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Ji","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Ho","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeun-Bum","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Resources and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myunghoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources & Live Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea"},{"name":"Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Mirayng 50463, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-018-0126-x","article-title":"Mechanisms regulating intestinal barrier integrity and its pathological implications","volume":"50","author":"Chelakkot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. 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