{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T04:23:20Z","timestamp":1790310200019,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006109","name":"VEGA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1-0529-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-0529-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"APVV","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SK-PL-18-0088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SK-PL-18-0088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006108","name":"KEGA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["006UVLF-4-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["006UVLF-4-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Visegrad Fund","award":["22010056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22010056"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated 960 Slovak and Czech spotted cattle from four different conventional (non-organic) dairy herds located in Eastern Slovakia and Czechia during early lactation (14\u2013100 days after calving). Dairy cows were examined clinically; milk from fore-stripping of each udder quarter was subjected to sensory examination and assessed by the California mastitis test (CMT), and laboratory analyses of bacterial pathogens in milk, including virulence factors, were conducted. Positive CMT scores (1\u20133) for one or more quarters were detected in 271 (28.2%) of the examined animals. Out of 230 infected milk samples, representing 24.0% of all dairy cows, staphylococci (59.1% of positive findings) were the most commonly isolated organisms, followed by E. coli (11.3%), streptococci Str. uberis (9.1%) and Str. agalactiae (3.4%), and enterococci (6.1%). From 136 isolates of S. aureus (38 isolates) and non-aureus staphylococci (NAS; 98 isolates), virulence factors and their resistance to 14 antimicrobials were detected using the disk diffusion method, with PCR detection of the methicillin resistance gene, mecA. An increased incidence of clinical and chronic forms of mastitis has been reported in mastitic cows in which staphylococci, especially S. aureus and NAS (S. chromogenes, S. warneri, and S. xylosus), have been detected and compared to other isolated udder pathogens. From those species, S. aureus and isolates of NAS mentioned above showed multiple virulence factors that are more likely to hydrolyze DNA, hemolysis, produce gelatinase and biofilm, and have multi-drug resistance as compared to other less virulent staphylococci. Generally, the isolated staphylococci showed 77.2% resistance to one or more antimicrobials, in particular to aminoglycosides, \u03b2-lactams, macrolides, or cephalosporins. Isolates that showed the ability to form a biofilm were more resistant to more than one antimicrobial than isolates without biofilm production. Multi-drug resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes was recorded in 16 isolates (11.7%), and the presence of the mecA gene was also confirmed in two isolates of S. aureus and two species of NAS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12040470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T20:26:42Z","timestamp":1644870402000},"page":"470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Dairy Cows\u2019 Udder Pathogens and Occurrence of Virulence Factors in Staphylococci"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2791-166X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franti\u0161ek","family":"Zigo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komensk\u00e9ho 73, 04181 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzana","family":"Farka\u0161ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komensk\u00e9ho 73, 04181 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3117-8915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"V\u00fdrostkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene, Technology and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komensk\u00e9hgo 73, 04181 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Regecov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene, Technology and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komensk\u00e9hgo 73, 04181 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Ondra\u0161ovi\u010dov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komensk\u00e9ho 73, 04181 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1ria","family":"Vargov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Environment, Veterinary Legislation and Economy, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komensk\u00e9ho 73, 04181 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na\u010fa","family":"Sas\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Environment, Veterinary Legislation and Economy, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komensk\u00e9ho 73, 04181 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8703-8268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Pecka-Kielb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0160\u00e1rka","family":"Bursov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Origin Food and Gastronomic Sciences, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palack\u00e9ho T\u0159. 1946\/1, CZ-61242 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1555-8766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Sandor","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n Utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Aug\u00e8re-Granier, M.L. 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