{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:24:35Z","timestamp":1785536675241,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Blue Granary Science and Technology Innovation\u201d of the Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["2018YFD0901203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD0901203"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Nos. 32172971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 32172971"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2019A1515012042 and 2021A1515010430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A1515012042 and 2021A1515010430"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unlike mammals and birds, many fishes have young sex chromosomes, providing excellent models to study sex chromosome differentiation at early stages. Previous studies showed that spotted scat possesses an XX-XY sex determination system. The X has a complete Dmrt3 copy (termed normal) and a truncated copy of Dmrt1 (called Dmrt1b), while the Y has the opposite (normal Dmrt1, which is male-specific, and a truncated Dmrt3 called Dmrt3\u25b3-Y). Dmrt1 is the candidate sex determination gene, while the differentiation of other sex-linked genes remains unknown. The spotted scat has proven to be a good model to study the evolution of sex chromosomes in vertebrates. Herein, we sequenced a neighbor gene of this family, Dmrt2, positioned farther from Dmrt1 and closer to Dmrt3 in the spotted scat, and analyzed its sequence variation and expression profiles. The physical locations of the three genes span across an estimated size of &gt;40 kb. The open reading frames of Dmrt2a and its paralog Dmrt2b are 1578 bp and 1311 bp, encoding peptides of 525 and 436 amino acid residues, respectively. Dmrt2a is positioned close to Dmrt3 but farther from Dmrt1 on the same chromosome, while Dmrt2b is not. Sequence analysis revealed several mutations; insertions, and deletions (indels) on Dmrt2a non-coding regions and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the Dmrt2a transcript. These indels and SNPs are sex-linked and showed high male heterogeneity but do not affect gene translation. The markers designed to span the mutation sites tested on four different populations showed varied concordance with the genetic sexes. Dmrt2a is transcribed solely in the gonads and gills, while Dmrt2b exists in the gonads, hypothalamus, gills, heart, and spleen. The Dmrt2a and Dmrt2b transcripts are profoundly expressed in the male gonads. Analyses of the transcriptome data from five other fish species (Hainan medaka (Oryzias curvinotus), silver sillago (Sillago sihama), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Hong Kong catfish (Clarias fuscus), and spot-fin porcupine fish (Diodon hystrix)) revealed testes-biased expression of Dmrt1 in all, similar to spotted scat. Additionally, the expression of Dmrt2a is higher in the testes than the ovaries in spotted scat and Hainan medaka. The Dmrt2a transcript was not altered in the coding regions as found in Dmrt1 and Dmrt3 in spotted scat. This could be due to the functional importance of Dmrt2a in development. Another possibility is that because Dmrt2a is positioned farther from Dmrt1 and the chromosome is still young, meaning it is only a matter of time before it differentiates. This study undeniably will aid in understanding the functional divergence of the sex-linked genes in fish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12050613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T20:09:57Z","timestamp":1646078997000},"page":"613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["High Polymorphism in the Dmrt2a Gene Is Incompletely Sex-Linked in Spotted Scat, Scatophagus argus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4193-6617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umar Farouk","family":"Mustapha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Province Famous Fish Reproduction and Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Assan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Province Famous Fish Reproduction and Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Qing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Province Famous Fish Reproduction and Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2675-2043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guang-Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Province Famous Fish Reproduction and Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2465-1775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Neng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Province Famous Fish Reproduction and Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001899","article-title":"Sex determination: Why so many ways of doing it?","volume":"12","author":"Bachtrog","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-014-4797-9","article-title":"Genetic basis and biotechnological manipulation of sexual dimorphism and sex determination in fish","volume":"58","author":"Mei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. 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