{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T06:00:28Z","timestamp":1773036028880,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian National Antarctic Research Program","award":["PNRA16_00198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRA16_00198"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The olfactory system is constituted in a consistent way across vertebrates. Nasal structures allow water\/air to enter an olfactory cavity, conveying the odorants to a sensory surface. There, the olfactory neurons form, with their axons, a sensory nerve projecting to the telencephalic zone\u2014named the olfactory bulb. This organization comes with many different arrangements, whose meaning is still a matter of debate. A morphological description of the olfactory system of many teleost species is present in the literature; nevertheless, morphological investigations rarely provide a quantitative approach that would help to provide a deeper understanding of the structures where sensory and elaborating events happen. In this study, the peripheral olfactory system of the Antarctic silverfish, which is a keystone species in coastal Antarctica ecosystems, has also been described, employing some quantitative methods. The olfactory chamber of this species is connected to accessory nasal sacs, which probably aid water movements in the chamber; thus, the head of the Antarctic silverfish is specialized to assure that the olfactory organ keeps in contact with a large volume of water\u2014even when the fish is not actively swimming. Each olfactory organ, shaped like an asymmetric rosette, has, in adult fish, a sensory surface area of about 25 mm2, while each olfactory bulb contains about 100,000 neurons. The sensory surface area and the number of neurons in the primary olfactory brain region show that this fish invests energy in the detection and elaboration of olfactory signals and allow comparisons among different species. The mouse, for example\u2014which is considered a macrosmatic vertebrate\u2014has a sensory surface area of the same order of magnitude as that of the Antarctic silverfish, but ten times more neurons in the olfactory bulb. Catsharks, on the other hand, have a sensory surface area that is two orders of magnitude higher than that of the Antarctic silverfish, while the number of neurons has the same order of magnitude. The Antarctic silverfish is therefore likely to rely considerably on olfaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12050663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:35:50Z","timestamp":1646598950000},"page":"663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Arrangement of the Peripheral Olfactory System of Pleuragramma antarcticum: A Well-Exploited Small Sensor, an Aided Water Flow, and a Prominent Effort in Primary Signal Elaboration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Stefano","family":"Aicardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Comparative Anatomy, Department of Earth, Environmental, and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7452-3758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Bozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Earth, Environmental, and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0494-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Amaroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4496-3602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Gallus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Comparative Anatomy, Department of Earth, Environmental, and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Risso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Comparative Anatomy, Department of Earth, Environmental, and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8537-8971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica","family":"Carlig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Study of the Anthropic Impacts and the Sustainability of the Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Di Blasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Study of the Anthropic Impacts and the Sustainability of the Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Marine Ecology (EMI), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, National Institute of Marine Biology, Ecology and Biotechnology, Genoa Marine Centre, 16126 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marino","family":"Vacchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Study of the Anthropic Impacts and the Sustainability of the Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2139-1381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Ghigliotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Study of the Anthropic Impacts and the Sustainability of the Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5781-9709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Ferrando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Comparative Anatomy, Department of Earth, Environmental, and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"610","article-title":"The Anatomy of the Olfactory Organ of Teleostean Fishes","volume":"2","author":"Burne","year":"1909","journal-title":"Proc. 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