{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T06:19:46Z","timestamp":1768976386230,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]],"date-time":"2022-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A thoracic squeeze has been observed to cause low-vigour neonates of various farmed mammal species, including calves, to enter a state of reduced responsiveness. The removal of the squeeze causes rapid recovery and the expression of normal, healthy behaviours. However, the responses of healthy calves to a thoracic squeeze have not yet been characterized. The responses of 16 healthy newborn calves to a thoracic squeeze are described, along with the effect of the squeeze\u2019s application method on the response. Calves aged between 12 and 36 h were subjected to the squeeze using a rope (n = 8) or an inflation cuff (n = 8). In total, 13 of the 16 calves were induced into a state of reduced responsiveness, though neural reflexes persisted in nearly all of them. The squeeze was discontinued for nearly half of those induced before the end of the 10-min period, either due to spontaneous arousal or physiological instability. Both methods of application were equally effective at inducing reduced responsiveness, though responses to the cuff appeared to be more rapid than those to the rope. These findings support previous research on piglets and foals, and suggest that the behavioural responses to a thoracic squeeze are generalised across neonates of precocial farmed mammals; the findings provide a foundation for further research exploring the mechanisms underlying the response and the benefits that its application may bring for the performance of husbandry procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12070840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:27:51Z","timestamp":1648416471000},"page":"840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluating the Behavioural Responses of Healthy Newborn Calves to a Thoracic Squeeze"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sophia E.","family":"Holdsworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1884-6533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikki J.","family":"Kells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3145-5468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie","family":"Vall\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Mellor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4592-0460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ngaio J.","family":"Beausoleil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2014.969349","article-title":"Survival implications of the development of behavioural responsiveness and awareness in different groups of mammalian young","volume":"63","author":"Mellor","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(00)00355-1","article-title":"Early identification of neonates at risk: Traits of newborn piglets with respect to survival","volume":"54","author":"Tuchscherer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/ani7090069","article-title":"Survey of veterinarians using a novel physical compression squeeze procedure in the man-agement of neonatal maladjustment syndrome in foals","volume":"7","author":"Aleman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.12.007","article-title":"Investigating the behavioural and physiological indicators of neonatal survival in pigs","volume":"69","author":"Baxter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2003.08.004","article-title":"Animal welfare implications of neonatal mortality and morbidity in farm animals","volume":"168","author":"Mellor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1973.3751092x","article-title":"Factors Influencing Peri- and Early Postnatal Calf Mortality","volume":"37","author":"Laster","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6010","article-title":"Perinatal, neonatal, and rearing period mortality of dairy calves and replacement heifers in France","volume":"96","author":"Raboisson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.09.001","article-title":"Effect of a difficult calving on the vigour of the calf, the onset of maternal behaviour, and some behavioural indicators of pain in the dam","volume":"103","author":"Barrier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.06.007","article-title":"Newborn calf vitality: Risk factors, characteristics, assessment, resulting outcomes and strategies for improvement","volume":"198","author":"Murray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"329","article-title":"Caesarean section","volume":"43","author":"Kolkman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Slov. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2019.1670115","article-title":"Potential benefit of a thoracic squeeze technique in two newborn calves delivered by caesarean section","volume":"68","author":"Stilwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/ani7090069","article-title":"Transitions in neuroinhibition and neuroactivation in neurologically mature young at birth, including the potential role of thoracic compression during labour. Aleman, M.; Weich, KM.; Madigan, J.E. Survey of veterinarians using a novel physical compression squeeze procedure in the management of neonatal maladjustment syndrome in foals","volume":"7","author":"Mellor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2020.10.006","article-title":"Resuscitation Compression for Newborn Sheep","volume":"37","author":"Flora","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holdsworth, S.E., Kells, N.J., Chidgey, K.L., Vall\u00e9e, E., Ward, N., Mellor, D.J., and Beausoleil, N.J. (2021). Characterisation of the Behavioural Effects of a Thoracic Squeeze in Healthy Newborn Piglets. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082465"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mee, J.F. (2008, January 25\u201327). Managing the Calf at Calving Time. Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Charlotte, NC, USA.","DOI":"10.21423\/aabppro20084365"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"229","article-title":"Vital parameters of Holstein calves from birth to weaning","volume":"38","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8726","article-title":"The effect of housing on calving behavior and calf vitality in Holstein and Jersey dairy cows","volume":"98","author":"Campler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1984.5911","article-title":"Effects of Dam Age, Prepartum Nutrition and Duration of Labor on Productivity and Postpartum Reproduction in Beef Females","volume":"59","author":"Doornbos","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5494","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4436","article-title":"Assessment of calving progress and reference times for obstetric intervention during dystocia in Holstein dairy cows","volume":"94","author":"Schuenemann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352010000100001","article-title":"Monitoring of physiological and blood parameters during perinatal and neonatal period in calves","volume":"62","author":"Piccione","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Veterin\u00e1ria Zootec."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1991.35677","article-title":"Electroencephalograms and electrocardiograms in young bulls following upper cervical vertebrae-to-brisket stunning","volume":"39","author":"Cook","year":"1991","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of Use of Isoflurane or Sevoflurane for Anaesthesia Induced by Mask in Calves","volume":"48","author":"Yakan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Vet."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"RStudio Team (2018). RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, RStudio Team Inc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.12.1881","article-title":"Evaluation of squeeze-induced somnolence in neonatal foals","volume":"73","author":"Toth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aew019","article-title":"Are neuromuscular blocking agents being misused in laboratory pigs?","volume":"116","author":"Bradbury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114002596","article-title":"Indicators used in livestock to assess unconsciousness after stunning: A review","volume":"9","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200012213432507","article-title":"Syncope","volume":"343","author":"Kapoor","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.89.2.123","article-title":"Syncope: What is the trigger?","volume":"89","author":"Hainsworth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. Heart"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp179","article-title":"Symptoms and signs of syncope: A review of the link between physiology and clinical clues","volume":"132","author":"Wieling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(99)00192-6","article-title":"Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter and the control of tonic immobility","volume":"50","author":"Monassi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Ong, R.M. (1993). Tonic Immobility by Dogs: A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Veterinary Science in Veterinary Ethology at Massey University. [Ph.D. Thesis, Massey University]."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2007.10.018","article-title":"Different patterns of freezing behavior organized in the periaqueductal gray of rats: Association with different types of anxiety","volume":"188","author":"Zanoveli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24447","article-title":"The effects of trauma on brain and body: A unifying role for the midbrain periaqueductal gray","volume":"97","author":"Terpou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(89)90046-2","article-title":"Physiological changes during tonic immobility in Gallus gallus var domesticus","volume":"46","author":"Gentle","year":"1989","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.10.011","article-title":"Changes in Heart Rate Variability during a tonic immobility test in quail","volume":"93","author":"Valance","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-1047(81)91034-7","article-title":"Tonic immobility and the dorsal immobility response in twelve species of muroid rodents","volume":"31","author":"Webster","year":"1981","journal-title":"Behav. Neural Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.07.013","article-title":"Functional mapping of the periaqueductal gray matter involved in organizing tonic immobility behavior in guinea pigs","volume":"216","author":"Vieira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/7\/840\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:44:01Z","timestamp":1760136241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/7\/840"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12070840"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12070840","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]]}}}