{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:07:21Z","timestamp":1791230841339,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The inflammatory pain and stress some crated sows experience during farrowing has attendant risks of piglet-directed aggression, reduced teat exposure and hindered post-partum recovery. To counter this, the steroidal anti-inflammatory compound, dexamethasone, can be administered. To measure the potential for mucosal absorption as an alternative to injection, the permeability of porcine vaginal mucosa to dexamethasone was demonstrated using Franz cell diffusion. These studies found dexamethasone treatment diffused through vaginal mucosa at a constant rate, with 52.37 \u00b1 5.54% permeation in 6 h. To examine in vivo effects on farrowing outcomes, dexamethasone was administered to gilts and parity one sows on the day of expected farrowing. We hypothesized that it would provide relief from farrowing discomfort and reduce behaviours threatening piglet survival. Sows were randomly assigned to receive dexamethasone as an intramuscular injection (n = 23); dexamethasone applied topically into the vagina (n = 20), or to receive no dexamethasone (n = 23). Sows (n = 66) and piglets (n = 593) were monitored for performance indicators during farrowing and early lactation. A subset of sows (n = 24) was also video monitored continuously over 24 h for behaviours associated with pain, postural changes and piglet interactions. No differences were observed between treatment for farrowing performance, piglet survival or behavioural changes for sows experiencing their first or second farrowing (p &gt; 0.05), rejecting the hypothesis that corticosteroid administration will improve sow farrowing performance. This investigation did, however, show that dexamethasone can permeate through porcine vaginal mucosa and so can be administered as a non-injectable treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12070847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T21:40:14Z","timestamp":1648590014000},"page":"847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effect of Dexamethasone and Route of Administration on Sow Farrowing Behaviours, Piglet Delivery and Litter Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6639-168X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia A.","family":"Ward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3294-8301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roy N.","family":"Kirkwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunmei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7253-2629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjay","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0322-7115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate J.","family":"Plush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sunpork Group, 1\/6 Eagleview Place, Eagle Farm, QLD 4009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.10.020","article-title":"Pain and discomfort caused by parturition in cows and sows","volume":"135","author":"Mainau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. 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