{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T00:16:05Z","timestamp":1768695365221,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reports of unintentional intoxications in nonhuman primates (NHP) are few and an up-to-date review of such intoxications in NHP is lacking. We reviewed the published veterinary literature on unintentional intoxications in wild and captive NHP in order to provide a useful resource on known toxic agents of NHP for veterinarians, caregivers, and researchers who work with NHP. To these ends, we first conducted a literature search for books, book chapters, peer-reviewed publications, conference proceedings, and newsletters in academic literature databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, BioOne Complete, and Web of Science using the words and word combinations such as heavy metals, pesticides, poisonings, and nonhuman primates. We then evaluated the search results for those reports that we considered as clinically relevant and then classified them according to the toxic agent. We identified lead, zinc, phytotoxins, pesticides, botulinum toxin, polychlorinated biphenyls, and snake and spider venoms as the main toxic agents in wild and captive NHP. We concluded that the toxic threats to wild NHP are different to those of captive NHP because of the environment in which they live. We recommend that an intoxication should be part of a differential diagnosis when a NHP presents with clinical signs that cannot be linked to a known disorder or dies suddenly with no preceding clinical signs. In cases of the former, laboratory testing for known toxins and pollutants should be conducted. In cases of the latter, a thorough postmortem examination, together with extensive laboratory testing, for known toxins and environmental pollutants in all tissues and organs should be performed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12070854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T21:40:14Z","timestamp":1648590014000},"page":"854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Literature Review of Unintentional Intoxications of Nonhuman Primates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6670-1887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaco","family":"Bakker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Primate Research Center (BPRC), 2288GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arieh","family":"Bomzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consulwrite Editorial and Consulvet Laboratory Animal Consultancies, Pardess Hanna-Karkur, Haifa 3707426, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-011-0236-8","article-title":"Lead levels in long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) hair from Singapore","volume":"52","author":"Schillaci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.08.052","article-title":"Lead-based paint remains a major public health concern: A critical review of global production, trade, use, exposure, health risk, and implications","volume":"121","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. 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