{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T01:40:39Z","timestamp":1777340439803,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"H. Willelm Schaumann Stiftung","award":["no number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no number"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diet processing impacts on starch properties, such as the degree of starch gelatinization. This affects digestibility, as shown in laboratory mice fed either a pelleted or an extruded diet. In the present study, the morphology of starch particles throughout the digestive tract of mice was visualized. Thirty-two female C57BL\/6J mice were used for a feeding trial. They were fed a commercial maintenance diet for laboratory mice, which was available in pelleted and extruded form, for seven weeks. The mice were sacrificed after the feeding period, and chyme samples were collected from five sites (stomach, anterior and posterior small intestine, caecum, colon). Samples of diets, chyme and faeces were analyzed via stereomicroscopy (stained with Lugol\u2019s iodine) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The starch granules appeared more compact in the pelleted diet, showing first signs of degradation only in the small intestine. The caecum content of both diets group was intensively stained, particles as well as fluid phase, indicating that it contained mainly starch. The SEM pictures of caecum content showed abundant bacteria near starch particles. This suggests selective retention of prae-caecally undigested starch in the murine caecum, likely the site of microbial fermentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12080952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T13:39:51Z","timestamp":1649338791000},"page":"952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Morphology of Starch Particles along the Passage through the Gastrointestinal Tract in Laboratory Mice Fed Extruded and Pelleted Diets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2126-1800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmin","family":"Wenderlein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU M\u00fcnchen, Veterin\u00e4rstr. 13, 80539 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Kienzle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, 80539 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8382-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinhard K.","family":"Straubinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU M\u00fcnchen, Veterin\u00e4rstr. 13, 80539 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heidrun","family":"Sch\u00f6l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat M\u00fcnchen, Veterin\u00e4rstr. 13, 80539 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4511-9537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Ulrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU M\u00fcnchen, Veterin\u00e4rstr. 13, 80539 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5363-335X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda Franziska","family":"B\u00f6swald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, 80539 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Stevens, C.E., and Hume, I.D. (2004). Comparative Physiology of the Vertebrate Digestive System, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00301871","article-title":"Anatomy of the cecum of the laboratory mouse and rat","volume":"162","author":"Snipes","year":"1981","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1344-3941.2003.00124.x","article-title":"Digestive strategies of small hindgut fermenters","volume":"74","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2005.02.025","article-title":"Effect of starch granule structure, associated components and processing on nutritive value of cereal starch: A review","volume":"122","author":"Svihus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"207","article-title":"Starch digestion in monogastrics\u2013mechanisms and opportunities","volume":"18","author":"Gidley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Recent Adv. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1983.574929x","article-title":"Effects of steam pelleting conditions and extrusion cooking on a swine diet containing wheat middlings","volume":"57","author":"Skoch","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"929","article-title":"Nutritional properties of extruded foods","volume":"57","author":"Asp","year":"1983","journal-title":"Extrus. Cook."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"B\u00f6swald, L., and Kienzle, E. (2019, January 13\u201315). Differences in starch gelatinisation between differently processed laboratory rodent maintenance diets labelled as identical. Proceedings of the 73rd Society of Nutrition Physiology (GfE) Conference, Goettingen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"37","article-title":"Resistant starch\u2013classification, structure, production","volume":"13","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR19960004","article-title":"Nutritional implications of resistant starch","volume":"9","author":"Asp","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/02648725.2004.10648056","article-title":"Starch retrogradation","volume":"21","author":"Ottenhof","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2003.08.005","article-title":"Heat processing of cereals in mash or pellet diets for young pigs","volume":"113","author":"Medel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00f6swald, L.F., Wenderlein, J., Straubinger, R.K., Ulrich, S., and Kienzle, E. (2021). Processing Matters in Nutrient-Matched Laboratory Diets for Mice\u2014Energy and Nutrient Digestibility. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020523"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1997.tb01103.x","article-title":"Morphology of starch digestion in the horse","volume":"44","author":"Kienzle","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1995.tb00389.x","article-title":"Investigations on preileal digestion of starch from grain, potato and manioc in horses","volume":"42","author":"Meyer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0600179","article-title":"The influence of microflora on the breakdown of maize starch granules in the digestive tract of chicken","volume":"60","author":"Champ","year":"1981","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Davis, A.B. (1973). Scanning Electron Microscopy of Monogastric and Ruminant Digestion of Sorghum Grain. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Kansas State University]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-018-0303-8","article-title":"Amylopectin structure and crystallinity explains variation in digestion kinetics of starches across botanic sources in an in vitro pig model","volume":"9","author":"Martens","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7353","DOI":"10.1021\/jf200402u","article-title":"Starch characteristics and their influences on in vitro and pig prececal starch digestion","volume":"59","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"81","article-title":"Comparison of scanning electron microscopic examination of oats, barley and maize grains with the analysed degree of starch breakdown and glycamic responses in horse","volume":"1","author":"Bochnia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wenderlein, J., B\u00f6swald, L.F., Ulrich, S., Kienzle, E., Neuhaus, K., Lagkouvardos, I., Zenner, C., and Straubinger, R.K. (2021). Processing Matters in Nutrient-Matched Laboratory Diets for Mice\u2014Microbiome. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030862"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Verlag, J. (1986). Die Chemische Untersuchung von Futtermitteln. Band III: Methodenbuch, Naumann."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Treuting, P.M., Dintzis, S.M., and Montine, K.S. (2017). Comparative Anatomy and Histology: A Mouse, Rat, and Human Atlas, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1258\/002367789780886911","article-title":"Comparative morphology of the stomach of some laboratory mammals","volume":"23","author":"Ghoshal","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(63)80001-6","article-title":"Production and fermentation of lactate by bacteria in the. 5 alimentary canal of the horse and pig","volume":"73","author":"Alexander","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2018.01.003","article-title":"Digesta kinetics in two arvicoline rodents, the field vole (Microtus agrestis) and the steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus)","volume":"89","author":"Hagen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mamm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-30744-3_35","article-title":"The family Lachnospiraceae, including the genera Butyrivibrio, Lachnospira and Roseburia","volume":"4","author":"Cotta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prokaryotes"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vacca, M., Celano, G., Calabrese, F.M., Portincasa, P., Gobbetti, M., and De Angelis, M. (2020). The controversial role of human gut lachnospiraceae. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040573"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0637-2","article-title":"Sequence and cultivation study of Muribaculaceae reveals novel species, host preference, and functional potential of this yet undescribed family","volume":"7","author":"Lagkouvardos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.02.081","article-title":"Preparation and physical characteristics of resistant starch (type 4) in acetylated indica rice","volume":"134","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.06.070","article-title":"Preparation of products rich in resistant starch from maize starch by an enzymatic method","volume":"86","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/8\/952\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:50:09Z","timestamp":1760136609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/8\/952"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12080952"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12080952","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]}}}