{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T01:24:10Z","timestamp":1770600250210,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005908","name":"Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2817HS016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2817HS016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005908","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005908","name":"Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2817HS013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2817HS013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005908","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study evaluated the effects of two injection techniques in combination with lidocaine or mepivacaine for piglets undergoing castration. To improve ease of use, a cannula with side holes (one-step fenestrated (F)) was invented to simultaneously deliver a local anesthetic into the testis and scrotum and was compared to a two-step injection technique. The distribution of a lidocaine\/contrast agent mixture using the two methods was examined using computed tomography. Piglets were randomly divided into treatment groups: handling, castration without pain relief and castration after lidocaine or mepivacaine injection using the one-step F or two-step method. Acute physiological responses to noxious stimuli were evaluated by measuring the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and nocifensive movements. Fos protein expression in the spinal dorsal cord was semi-quantitatively analyzed. Both injection techniques achieved similar distribution patterns. The one-step F method was faster and easier. Injection was not associated with significant changes in MAP or HR, but Mepi1 and NaCl elicited significantly increased nocifensive movements. Both techniques significantly reduced MAP and nocifensive movements when the spermatic cords were cut, regardless of the local anesthetic type. Compared to NaCl, only the lidocaine treatments significantly reduced HR during skin incision. Lido2 significantly reduced Fos protein expression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12081028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T21:44:06Z","timestamp":1649972646000},"page":"1028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluation of Two Injection Techniques in Combination with the Local Anesthetics Lidocaine and Mepivacaine for Piglets Undergoing Surgical Castration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4374-5374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Werner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Preclinical Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Saller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Preclinical Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Reiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Preclinical Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4463-078X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steffanie","family":"Senf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Deffner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Abendsch\u00f6n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Preclinical Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Grott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Husbandry, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Husbandry, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6928-4089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yury","family":"Zablotski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7269-5433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"Steiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9888-653X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shana","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Husbandry, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Erhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Husbandry, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Ritzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Z\u00f6ls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Preclinical Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"271","article-title":"Behavior of piglets during castration with and without local anesthesia","volume":"106","author":"Horn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1988.66123049x","article-title":"Local and General Anesthetic Effects on Behavior and Performance of Two- and Seven-Week-Old Castrated and Uncastrated Piglets","volume":"66","author":"McGlone","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114002894","article-title":"Field experience with surgical castration with anaesthesia, analgesia, immunocastration and production of entire male pigs: Performance, carcass traits and boar taint prevalence","volume":"9","author":"Aluwe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiler, U., Isernhagen, M., Stefanski, V., Ritzmann, M., Kress, K., Hein, C., and Zols, S. (2016). Penile Injuries in Wild and Domestic Pigs. Animals, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani6040025"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2015.08.024","article-title":"Agonistic behaviour, skin lesions and activity pattern of entire male, female and castrated male finishing pigs","volume":"171","author":"Bunger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-6226(87)90019-4","article-title":"Meat and Fat Quality in Boars, Castrates and Gilts","volume":"16","author":"Bartongade","year":"1987","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2022, March 13). Council Directive 2008\/120\/EC of 18 December 2008 Laying Down Minimum Standards for the Protection of Pigs. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32008L0120&from=EN."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-016-0046-x","article-title":"Pig castration: Will the EU manage to ban pig castration by 2018?","volume":"2","author":"Berg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Porc. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"CASTRUM Consortium, and European Commission, Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety (2017). Pig Castration: Methods of Anaesthesia and Analgesia for all Pigs and Other Alternatives for Pigs Used in Traditional Products, Publications Office."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-020-00566-8","article-title":"Effect of two methods and two anaesthetics for local anaesthesia of piglets during castration","volume":"63","author":"Skade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-53-34","article-title":"Effect of local anaesthesia and\/or analgesia on pain responses induced by piglet castration","volume":"53","author":"Hansson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731112000547","article-title":"Effects of a local anaesthetic and NSAID in castration of piglets, on the acute pain responses, growth and mortality","volume":"6","author":"Houx","year":"2012","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731113000086","article-title":"Pain behaviour after castration of piglets; effect of pain relief with lidocaine and\/or meloxicam","volume":"7","author":"Zonderland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2004.00225.x","article-title":"Castration of piglets: The analgesic effects of intratesticular and intrafunicular lidocaine injection","volume":"32","author":"Haga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"418","article-title":"The efficacy of local anaesthetics administered prior to castration of male suckling piglets","volume":"114","author":"Zankl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Courboulay, V., H\u00e9monic, A., Gadonna, M., and Prunier, A. (2010, January 23\u201327). Castration under analgesia or local anesthesia: Impact on pain and labour demand. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting European Federation of Animal Science, Crete Island, Greece."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"87","article-title":"Pain and distress responses of suckling piglets to injection and castration under local anaesthesia with procaine and lidocaine\u2014Part 1: Cortisol, chromogranin A, wound healing, weights, losses","volume":"47","author":"Hofmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tierarztl. Prax. Ausg. G Grosstiere\/Nutztiere"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"160","article-title":"Pain and distress response of suckling piglets to injection and castration under local anaesthesia with procaine and licocaine\u2014Part 2: Defence behaviour, catecholamines, coordination of movements","volume":"47","author":"Rauh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tierarztl. Prax. Ausg. G Grosstiere\/Nutztiere"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saller, A.M., Werner, J., Reiser, J., Senf, S., Deffner, P., Abendschon, N., Weiss, C., Fischer, J., Schorwerth, A., and Miller, R. (2020). Local anesthesia in piglets undergoing castration-A comparative study to investigate the analgesic effects of four local anesthetics on the basis of acute physiological responses and limb movements. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236742"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abendschon, N., Senf, S., Deffner, P., Miller, R., Grott, A., Werner, J., Saller, A.M., Reiser, J., Weiss, C., and Zablotski, Y. (2020). Local Anesthesia in Piglets Undergoing Castration-A Comparative Study to Investigate the Analgesic Effects of Four Local Anesthetics Based on Defensive Behavior and Side Effects. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101752"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.05.009","article-title":"Behavioural alterations in piglets after surgical castration: Effects of analgesia and anaesthesia","volume":"125","author":"Yun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijvsm.2018.10.002","article-title":"Effect of the number of incisions and use of local anesthesia on the physiological indicators of surgically-castrated piglets","volume":"6","author":"Rosas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.17236\/sat00169","article-title":"Optimization of analgesia for piglet castration under isoflurane anaesthesia with parenteral butorphanol, meloxicam or intratesticular lidocaine","volume":"160","author":"Hug","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch. Tierheilkd."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"36","article-title":"Long-term weight gain and economic impact in pigs castrated under local anaesthesia","volume":"1\u20132","author":"Telles","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.5433\/1679-0359.2016v37n3p1307","article-title":"Weight gain, behavioral and cortisol changes after orchiectomy with or without local anaesthesia in piglets","volume":"37","author":"Barticciotto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Cienc. Agrar."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731116000586","article-title":"Acute physiological responses to castration-related pain in piglets: The effect of two local anesthetics with or without meloxicam","volume":"10","author":"Bonastre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.17221\/8555-CJAS","article-title":"Concentrations of neopterin, biopterin, and cortisol associated with surgical castration of piglets with lidocaine","volume":"60","author":"Svoboda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Czech J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2008.10.004","article-title":"Pain and discomfort in male piglets during surgical castration with and without local anaesthesia as determined by vocalisation and defence behaviour","volume":"116","author":"Leidig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"10","article-title":"Kastration von Ferkeln unter Lokalan\u00e4sthesie","volume":"10","author":"Gutzwiller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Agrar. Schweiz"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lomax, S., Harris, C., Windsor, P.A., and White, P.J. (2017). Topical anaesthesia reduces sensitivity of castration wounds in neonatal piglets. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187988"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2018.07.002","article-title":"An investigation of the effects of intratesticular alfaxalone and lidocaine during castration in piglets","volume":"45","author":"Hancock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Rittershaus, D. (2009). Topische An\u00e4sthesieverfahren zur Schmerzreduktion bei der Saugferkelkastration Inaugural. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2005.00675.x","article-title":"Distribution of radioactive lidocaine injected into the testes in piglets","volume":"28","author":"Ranheim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2527\/1995.732381x","article-title":"Vocalization and Physiological-Response of Rigs during Castration with or without a Local-Anesthetic","volume":"73","author":"White","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2017.07.003","article-title":"The effect of needle-free administration of local anesthetic on the behavior and physiology of castrated pigs","volume":"21","author":"Sutherland","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2010.01116.x","article-title":"Sources of the porcine testis innervation","volume":"42","author":"Sienkiewicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Nickel, E., Nickel, R., Schummer, A., and Seiferle, E. (2004). Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere Band 4, Parey Verlag. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjae.2019.10.002","article-title":"Basic pharmacology of local anaesthetics","volume":"20","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJA Educ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nickel, R., Schummer, A., and Seiferle, E. (2004). Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Band II: Eingeweide, Parey Verlag. [9th ed.].","DOI":"10.1024\/0036-7281.147.6.275b"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000548","article-title":"Opening Injection Pressure Is Higher in Intraneural Compared With Perineural Injections During Simulated Nerve Blocks of the Lower Limb in Fresh Human Cadavers","volume":"42","author":"Vermeylen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.05.061","article-title":"Infusion pressure and pain during microneedle injection into skin of human subjects","volume":"32","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.111780","article-title":"Minimizing injection pain in local anesthesia","volume":"184","author":"Strazar","year":"2012","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/SGA.0000000000000542","article-title":"Effectiveness of Buffered Lidocaine for Local Anesthesia During Liver Biopsy","volume":"44","author":"Hockett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(00)00143-X","article-title":"Vocal responses of piglets to castration: Identifying procedural sources of pain","volume":"70","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"3","article-title":"c-fos and its Consequences in Pain","volume":"9","author":"Ahmad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Malays. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"6","article-title":"Nociception efter kastration af juvenile grise m\u00e5lt ved kvantitativ bestemmelse af c-Fos udtrykkende neuroner i rygmarvens dorsalhorn","volume":"83","author":"Nyborg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dan. Veterin\u00e6rtidsskrift"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reiser, J., Kreuzer, M., Werner, J., Saller, A.M., Fischer, J., Senf, S., Deffner, P., Abendsch\u00f6n, N., Groll, T., and Wei\u00df, C. Pain-induced changes in electroencephalographic activity and FOS protein expression in piglets undergoing castration under isoflurane anesthesia. 2022, to be submitted.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12182309"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(96)03194-6","article-title":"C-fos can be induced in the neonatal rat spinal cord by both noxious and innocuous peripheral stimulation","volume":"68","author":"Jennings","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-2987.2001.00051.x","article-title":"Electroencephalographic and cardiovascular indicators of nociception during isoflurane anaesthesia in pigs","volume":"28","author":"Haga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Anaesth. Analg."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/8\/1028\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:54:17Z","timestamp":1760136857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/12\/8\/1028"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ani12081028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani12081028","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]}}}